Leadership and Organizational Behavior Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Organizational Behavior Essay Introduction The organization that will be the topic of my discussion in my final project paper will be Pratt Industries Inc. The company started as a recycling paper company in Australia and US, but today they could close the entirely process of recycling incorporating companies that create paper from recycling paper, the energy that the company use is coming burning trash recycled, the company sale cardboard boxes and recycled paper to big detailed companies as Home depot and Walmart, the company create their own design to send their products (recycled paper based) to our homes, the company has their own recycle trucks to pick the recycle products from homes and companies. The company has the all cycle of recycling closed; they pick the recycling trash up, they process it and make new products, they sale it and send it to our homes and the process start again picking the trash up. The company has more than 70 locations where they can create clean energy, recycle and create paper, make cardboard boxes, make the own designs and for other companies also, and other activities as retail recycling products. Problem Statement I am IT support on the IT department of the company, I was hired to improve the department capacity of support due the company was growing up and the department started to get issues supporting the computer’s users. We used to have a very friendly work environment; we use to go out to celebrate birthdays, we got good payment improvement every year, our IT manager use to take the department to do some outside activities as a group. The company benefits are placed as the best comparing them with companies with the same quantity of employees, but the company started to buy other small companies and they started to make savings to invest on the new acquisitions. A  year ago HR managers started cutting health benefits and changing them backward and the salaries are not been increased as before, neither we go out as a group to celebrate birthdays nor go outside to do any extras activities. My group of work is great and the environment of work still friendly, I keep some of the good company benefits (like University tuition help) and it is why I still working on the company. The company started to cut benefit plans, expect more output from each employee, and they are keeping the new employees as a contacted people to avoid include them into the benefits plans. Some of those employees are not giving their most on their work, per example some of them never come on time every morning, they don’t give their best on their work and they don’t care if they finished their job but they leave on time or before the end of their time to leave. I scare this situation will be viral and creates the same feelings to the old department workers sending the company down because IT is one of the most important to keep the company working 247 during the 365 days of the year. I will do my best researching and writing a plan to create the steps to return the company as the leader of the recycling business on US. I would like to receive support to make the IT department an HPO and shows to the other company department how to keep the company growing up always improving the employees benefits instead trying to cut them due the employees are the most important key. Preliminary Solutions Managers have to make closed call to employees that are not following the company statements. The staffing company the company use to hire temporary employees must increase the pre-hired background check. Company has to review what they are cutting about employees benefits. Managers have to look for a way to show the employees what level of satisfaction they have with the employees dedication they show on their work. Analysis of leadership The company is passing through big changes on the executive management area; managers are being moved to different new locations that the company is merging after Pratt bought them. HR is trying to absorb those employees and it is creating an stressed environment when new employees are been hired  to replace another and when the company is using a staffing company to hire new employees without the certified classification. The company managers have to improve their level of relationship with their employees showing them they are valuable for the company and letting them know they work is highly appreciate. Reference Prive, Tanya. Top 10 Qualities That Make A Great Leader. Forbes [Serial Online]. December 2012;[emailprotected]:00. Accessed May 9, 2014. Professor de Waal, Andrà © A. MBA. The Secret of High Performance Organizations (HPO’s). HPO CENTER [www.hpocenter.com]. Non Dated. Accessed May 10, 2014. Robbins, Stephen P., Timothy Judge. Organizational Behavior, 15th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 01/2012. VitalBook file. Mehrotra, Vivek. Is money the best motivator?. www.vivekmehrotra.com. Non dated. Accessed May 17, 2014.

Skills for Communication and Language Acquisition

Skills for Communication and Language Acquisition Miriana Hili P1 I’m going to explain briefly about the skills associated with communication those are eye contact, gestures, body language and active listening. In my weekly observations in the child care centers I use those skills. I use the eye contact while I’m talking with the children so they could know that I’m talking to them, eye contact is also needed to show that you are listening what they are saying and to see what are their feelings. I use gesture to express myself more and they could understand what I’m saying even the children when they want something they begin to point at the object to show me which one they want. When I’m in placement I could know what children feeling are by their body language when they want that someone pick them up they show you by opening their arms. Active listening is when children are talking to me so I listen to so that I could respond them is not always possible to understand them because they haven’t developed th eir speech well. The components of speech are: phonology, phonology is the sound used in a language. Some languages have more sounds then others for example English have around fourth four sounds. The sound of the language is how one pronounce the word even speech sound could be written in different ways. The phonology process in babies begin before they are born, this begins from the 26th week of pregnancy at that stage they begin to recognize their mothers speech. Semantics, semantics is the meaning of the language how do you understand the word. Newborn babies learn the meaning of the words by associating sounds with objects or sound. For example the parent says â€Å"where are your gloves?† and touches the child gloves, so he could associate the sound with the object. Semantics tries to know how it is constructed and as well interpreted; the meaning is how you listen the language and how they speak it. Syntax is about grammar of language. The grammar is the way that the words are putted to gether; syntax is the structure of a sentence. The sentences are formed by noun phrase, verb phrase and noun phrase the sentence is like this Mary pushed the pushchair. Syntax is the way words are arranged together and the relationship between them. Receptive language, this term is to describe the ability to listen and to understand what is being communicated. Even if the children are not able to say a word but they may show that they understand something. Children develop receptive language in the first saying of language development. Receptive language is defined as the comprehension of language through listening and understands what is being communicated. It is also the ability of comprehend concepts, vocabulary, directions and questions. Expressive language is the output of the language it how one expresses his/her wants and need and evens their feelings. This is about how children communicate by using sounds and after some time using words. A baby’s expressive language t ake form of babbling and cooing this happens at the first year, at the second year they begin to use word because the linguistic development start to occurs. One can express himself not even with the language but even with the gestures and facial expressions. How communication and language acquisition on social and emotional development can be effected. Children who have a strong attachment with their parents can develop language more easily. They develop the language more easily because there a strong link between language and attachment. Babies who are cuddled and held by their parents and other care the start to† read† their body language understand it even in others. Children who have a strong attachment are more motivated to babble and communicate with their parents they will gain some positive response. Between social development and language there is a strong link between them. A child who reads other person’s body language and can communicate it is more accepted more by others and even engages in playful situation. The language acquisition also changes how they play together as the language helps children to interact and to be less impulsive and more thoughtful. Sara report According the table of pre linguistic and linguistic Sara language and communication acquisition is at a high level because she is a talkative and she even likes to talk with older persons and older children. She is at the stage of language explosion this means that in her age she has increased in the children’s vocabulary and in sentences. Children at this age they learn more rapidly and it becomes harder for parents to count them. The children use more complicated structures for example â€Å"no cats here†. Sara’s communication and language acquisition is very well developed in her social and emotional. She is very confident with others and she isn’t shy. According to browns mean length utterance she is at stage 2 and the length of saying words is 2.25 at her age she is now using ing, on, in for example â€Å"daddy going†. Alex report According the table of pre linguistic and linguistic Alex language and communication acquisition is at a low level because he is a very calm and reserved person. He is not able to express his needs or thoughts. He is three years old and he started to produce some word and even phrases but his speech is hard to understand. According the table Alex should have a large increase in the vocabulary and increased in using sentences but the thing that he is shy and reserved and he don’t like to communicate with other it affects his speech. Even though he don’t have friend it affect the speech because if you don’t have someone to talk to you speech is not going to be increased and understandable. Alex communication and language acquisition had effected his emotional and social development because he is very reserved and other children don’t play with him. Emotionally he is very frustrated because he is not able to express himself so he didn’t know what he wa nts to do. Social he doesn’t have many friends because when a boy comes to play with he don’t begin to play or he would begin to cry so for this he don’t have friends. According to the mean length utterance Alex is at stage 3 and he is supposed to say some irregular past tenses and possessives for example â€Å"me fall down† and â€Å"mummy’s hat†, his mean length utterance is 3.5. Alex for his age he should pronouns more words and form more sentences. Early detection and referral has an important role in children’s development. When one is working with children need to recognizing that the child’s pattern of language is a typical. Early referrals often result in better lasting outcome for children and the effects of language delay can be reduced. Children who have learning difficulties need to be referred early because they would need to be supported by a system such as Makaton. Without this supporting system children would not be able to links between the words and there meaning. It is important to early detection so that the child could be referred immediately so he/she could have the help they need. Although most of the referrals will be to a speech and language teams, but some children need to be referred for an audiology test this is done by a GP. P2 Language acquisition is divided in many different theories those theorist are skinner, Chomsky and Bruner. Skinner talks about the behavior, skinner believes that the language is acquired according to the behavior. The language is acquired by reinforcement; children learn words by associating sounds with objects. Children also learn by actions and events, they words and syntax by imitating other adults. Adults reinforce children when they learn words and syntax and say it in a correct way. Chomsky talks about the innate theory, innate are the sense of language and a device that allows babies and children to acquire language. The theory that could influence practice is to support language growth of children who have a supplementary home language. Bruner talks about the social interactions theory, he suggested that children learn through play and exploration. Bruner said when children play with adults such as active role in questioning they will learn more. The theory influence practic e by help children learn concepts and to develop their logic and reasoning. Skinner Skinner talks about language acquisition; Language is the cognition that makes us truly human. Skinner talks about behaviorism that is the central of the language. He says that the language is acquired by reinforcements so when they begin to say words the parents rewarded them. In the child care setting there are many different characters some of them know already some words and they have a wide vocabulary some of them don’t know that much so when they learn something and say new words we praise them. Chomsky Chomsky says that children are born with a possession of an innate ability that comprehends language structures. Chomsky asserts that children initially possess, and then afterward develop, an innate understanding of grammar, irrespective of where they are raised. Language according to Chomsky is intended to convey an infinite range of message, ideas and emotions. In the child care setting children are all able to express them self but there are children who are only 1 year 2 months and don’t even know how to speech but they will develop their speech by listening.

Genital Mutilation In Sudan :: essays research papers fc

The lights are dim and the voices quiet. Tension fills the room where Nafisa, a six-year-old Sudanese girl lies on a bed in the corner. Her aunt, 25-year-old Zeinab, watches protectively as her niece undergoes the procedure now known as female genital mutilation (FGM), formerly called female circumcision. In this procedure, performed without anaesthesia, a girl's external sexual organs are partially or totally cut away. Zeinab does not approve. For the past year she has been trying to persuade her mother and sister to spare Nafisa from the procedure. She lost the battle with her family, but she will stay at her niece's side. She watches Nafisa lying quietly, brave and confused, and remembers her own experience. Zeinab underwent the procedure twice. At six years old she had the more moderate form of FGM, called Sunni, in which the covering of the clitoris is removed. When she was 15 the older women of her family insisted she have the Pharaonic form, which involves removal of the entire clitoris and the labia and stitching together of the vulva, leaving just a small hole for elimination of urine and menstrual blood. Zeinab still remembers the pain, the face of the women performing the procedure, the sound of her flesh being cut. She also remembers bleeding and being sick for weeks. This extreme form of FGM has been performed on 82 per cent of Sudanese women, according to a recent survey. Today, 85 to 114 million girls and women in more than 30 countries have been subjected to FGM. Female genital mutilation has long been performed to ensure chaste or monogamous behaviour by suppressing female sexuality. It is commonly -- although erroneously -- attributed to religious edict. In fact, neither Islam nor Christianity officially sanctions it. FGM is dangerous. It is estimated that untrained traditional birth attendants perform two thirds of the procedures. They typically have limited knowledge of health and hygiene and often use inadequately cleaned traditional instruments. Side effects of FGM include trauma, bleeding and haemorrhage; pain, stress and shock; infections (which can be fatal); painful and difficult sexual relations; obstructed labour and difficult childbirth; and psychological trauma. The effects can last a lifetime. The practice was declared illegal in the Sudan in 1941, but that did little to stop it. About 90 per cent of northern Sudanese women have had it done. Why does FGM continue? In surveys, the most common reason

Advantages and Disadvantages of Indian Population

Free sample essay on Population Problem in India. The population problem is one of the burning issues being faced by the country. It surmounts all the problems of the country. The rapid population growth is often referred to as population explosion. The population of India has risen dramatically during the post-independence period. The increase in population is due to the spread of health care facilities thus resulting in the fall of death rate. Within a period of a little over half century, population of India has tripled to cross one billion marks.It is predicted to surpass China by 2030 to become the highly populated country in the world. The unprecedented population growth has contributed too many problems such as poverty, unemployment, food problem, housing, clothing which are the basic necessities of life. These things are directly related to the quality of life. The rising population has outpaced all the development and technological gains. It has nullified all our achievement s in the field of industrialisation. Despite all the progress made even one-fourth of India’s population is still living below poverty line.Even they do not have the bare necessities of life available to them. Millions of people have to go to bed without food. Starvation death is frequent in India despite being self-reliant in food production. Population growth is witnessing geometrical progression. The resources of subsistence are increasing in arithmetical progression. India has to accommodate sixteen per cent of total world population in 2. 3 per cent of total land. The pace of our population growth is horrifying. Forty-four children take birth every minute.Our population is rising by 2. 9 per cent per year. Thus every year an extra 26 million people are added to the existing population. Availability of better food, better hygiene and above all modern facilities in medicines, surgery and health care have caused longevity and decline in the rate of mortality. It has further aggravated our population problem. The government is taking stern measures to check the Population. It has started the family planning as early as immediately after the independence. It was the first country to introduce family planning.But the programme failed to bring desired result. So it is the need of the hour to realise the menace of population growth. Our society needs to be made aware of its dangers. The NGOs and media should come forward to create awareness in terms of population growth. We as aware citizens should change our mindset. Failure to check further increase in population may have disastrous effects. A mass awareness programme should be launched through radio, TV and other press media. The masses should be properly educated to the advantages of family planning.

Mid Term Essay Essays

Mid Term Essay Essays Mid Term Essay Paper Mid Term Essay Paper Mid Term Essay Michael J. Almasy Criminal Justice 211-04 Police Operations July 13, 2010 Kaplan University The development of Law Enforcement originated with the need to protect Humans, and property. Once organized systems were put into place, August Vollmer, the first Town Marshall for Berkeley, and later the Chief of Police and Crimininalist for Berkeley California is credited as being instrumental in many facets of Law Enforcement which are still used today and have been enhanced and improved several times over the past decades. His contribution were immediately implemented and respected by many large departments in the United States. August Vollmer served as Chief of Police for the Los Angeles Police Department, and during his two-year tenure before returning to Berkeley, he implemented many of the applications and procedures which are still used today successfully. Vollmer worked extensively with Professors and Leaders at the University of Berkley in his efforts to establish a professional model of policing and the investigative aides such as the Science of Criminology. One of his major contribution to the Criminal Justice system is Investigations where in 1907 he enlisted the help of University Chemistry Professor Loeb to help identify a suspected poison during a murder investigation (peak 2009) which led to the scientific analysis process of blood, fibers and soil evidence. This process of investigation still practiced today and has advanced since then with the aid of technology, and is used in solving or acquitting persons implicated in crimes. One of the most famous cases in America would be the OJ Simpson murder trial of Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman. This case would use several criminology techniques to establish, gather and preserve evidence and one of the key pieces of the trial would be the leather gloves. These gloves contained blood samples from OJ Simpson, Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman which would be later used for DNA testing to establish the identification of persons at the crime scene. This type of forensic investigation would not have been possible without the visionary accomplishment of Vollmer and the establishment of the first forensic laboratory in Los Angeles 1923 (peak 2009). Another contribution to the Investigative area of his work is when Vollmer asked one of the students turned campus police officer, John Larson to work with him in supportive research in the technique to measure blood pressure changes in criminals. Larson who had been working on the science of Measuring Blood Pressure and galvanic skin responses, which was the prior work of William Marston, led to the creation of a device to record both blood pressure and galvanic skin responses which could be used to assists investigators in determining the truth of their suspects. This device was known as the Lie Detector with the formal name of the Polygraph. Today, the polygraph is mainly used by employers to screen potential job applicants and is usually disputed by scientist as an inaccurate scientific proof of validity. August Vollmer has made numerous contributions to the world of modern policing and was truly a pioneer to the future of criminal investigation and a role model to follow. His extraordinary vision for the transformation of future policing should not be taken lightly. He single handily developed the way America conducts police work and investigates crime. He was instrumental in mentoring and influencing others to develop new techniques and technologies to support law enforcement agencies in solving crimes. Today, Federal, State and local law enforcement continue to build upon the direction of Vollmer ideals. In America our Law Enforcement is made up of Local Authority which is City, Town, Rural Township and Counties. The State also has authority, and we have Federal Agencies which is our Federal Government. Overall, citizens view Law Enforcement as protectors, regardless of the Levels of law enforcement. The contrast as seen by the Citizen is that there is none, and that Police Officers are the defenders of Citizens against crimes. The reality is that in law enforcement there is a contrast between the levels of law enforcement. Each level has substantial responsibility to protect citizens of the United States against foreign and domestic criminals and must be able to operate cohesively as one during the times of severe emergencies and when called upon to work together whether it is, for example transporting a fugitive or a catastrophic event such as 9/11. The following are the differences between the levels of law enforcement: Most of the law enforcement activity occurs at the local level, and therefore the local level has most of the authority and responsibility. The Local levels are dealing with the community relations, community policing and has jurisdiction of their cities and counties. The State Law Enforcement Officers primary responsibility is that of traffic enforcement of our state highways, which in California is the CHP, California Highway Patrol. They also have the responsibility to ensure the vehicles that travel our highways are meeting state safety regulation and get properly inspected. The Federal Government has Law Enforcement Authority and have an increased role to law enforcement recently especially since our crimes are now more sophisticated and go beyond our nation boarders. It is important to note though however, that most of the responsibility still lies at the local level. Agencies covered under the Federal umbrella are: Military (CID) Criminal Investigation Division, FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation, DEA Drug Enforcement Administration, BAFT Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms an agency of the Treasury Department, Customs, and Secret Service. Local, State and Federal agencies have similar functions and may differ due to jurisdictions, although as mentioned, the primary role is that of protecting our citizens from crimes and working cohesively as one at every level of law enforcement. Gould Publications Inc, Dempsey, Tom and Coffey, David J. D. (2001) Hiring process. Law Enforcement for the TWENTY FIRST CENTURY, An Entry-Level Guide 1, * Policing as a profession 1-23, 439 doi: n/a * The Polygraph: The Modern Lie Detector (www. umw. edu) * Kaplan Seminar * Unit 3: Patrol Seminar  Ã‚  Ã‚  Professor Richard C. Niebusch – Industry Expert * Pearson Prentice Hall. Peak, (2009) Kenneth J. From Citizen to Office Policing America 6th edition, 1 01-102, 1060130 doi: 363. 20973- dc22

Free Essays on Roman Senate, Consuls, And Dictators

Upon hearing the phrase â€Å"Roman Republic†, most people think of a rich, powerful, vast nation with a dictator as the only form of government. Most people are wrong. The government of Rome had three well-known parts. Those parts were the senate, the consuls, and, in certain times, the dictators. In Rome, the rich patricians filled these occupations, until later when the Plebs were allowed to join. Because of the huge state of the Rome’s empire, the three main government jobs, the senate, consuls, and dictator, were extremely large and important. The senate was the largest part of the Roman government. It was made up of 300 magistrates. An important job of the senate was watching finances. The senate would congregate in a building called the Curia, in the Roman forum. At first birth was what determined who was a senator. â€Å"†¦a cross between the British and Canadian senates in that individual members could (eventually) be appointed† (Saywell and Ricker 1) After the fourth century B.C., plebeians, the lower class, were allowed in the senate. It was possible for a senator to be kicked out if he betrayed Rome. After the fall of the empire, the senate lasted, but not for long. After 450 A.D., the senate was only there for show. The title of consul didn’t come around until 366 B.C. The two chairmen of the senate were the consuls. They were elected by members of the senate. The consuls were commanders of the Roman army. Usually, the consuls were around forty-three. Because the consuls wanted games to be remembered, they had artists write down information about the games. The consuls were rarely seen in public but they were well-known. The consuls led the senate, were involved in foreign affairs, and could be overshadowed by dictators. Imperium duplex is the power divided between two. Annuum is the law that the consuls can only be in office for a year. Both of these things applied to the consuls. When a consul would die, there wo... Free Essays on Roman Senate, Consuls, And Dictators Free Essays on Roman Senate, Consuls, And Dictators Upon hearing the phrase â€Å"Roman Republic†, most people think of a rich, powerful, vast nation with a dictator as the only form of government. Most people are wrong. The government of Rome had three well-known parts. Those parts were the senate, the consuls, and, in certain times, the dictators. In Rome, the rich patricians filled these occupations, until later when the Plebs were allowed to join. Because of the huge state of the Rome’s empire, the three main government jobs, the senate, consuls, and dictator, were extremely large and important. The senate was the largest part of the Roman government. It was made up of 300 magistrates. An important job of the senate was watching finances. The senate would congregate in a building called the Curia, in the Roman forum. At first birth was what determined who was a senator. â€Å"†¦a cross between the British and Canadian senates in that individual members could (eventually) be appointed† (Saywell and Ricker 1) After the fourth century B.C., plebeians, the lower class, were allowed in the senate. It was possible for a senator to be kicked out if he betrayed Rome. After the fall of the empire, the senate lasted, but not for long. After 450 A.D., the senate was only there for show. The title of consul didn’t come around until 366 B.C. The two chairmen of the senate were the consuls. They were elected by members of the senate. The consuls were commanders of the Roman army. Usually, the consuls were around forty-three. Because the consuls wanted games to be remembered, they had artists write down information about the games. The consuls were rarely seen in public but they were well-known. The consuls led the senate, were involved in foreign affairs, and could be overshadowed by dictators. Imperium duplex is the power divided between two. Annuum is the law that the consuls can only be in office for a year. Both of these things applied to the consuls. When a consul would die, there wo...

Women in India Essays

Women in India Essays Women in India Essay Women in India Essay The status of  women in India  has been subject to many great changes over the past few millennia. [2][3]  From equal status with men in ancient times[4]through the low points of the medieval period,[5]  to the promotion of  equal rights  by many reformers, the history of women in  India  has been eventful. In modern India, women have adorned high offices in  India  including that of the  President,  Prime minister,  Speaker of the Lok Sabha  and  Leader of the Opposition. As of 2011, the  President of India, the  Speaker of the Lok Sabha  and the  Leader of the Opposition  in  Lok Sabha  (Lower House of the parliament) are all women. | - History Ancient India Scholars believe that in ancient India, the women enjoyed  equal status  with men in all fields of life. [6]  However, some others hold contrasting views. [7]  Works by ancient Indian grammarians such asPatanjali  and  Katyayana  suggest that wome n were educated in the early  Vedic period[8][9]  Rigvedic verses suggest that the women married at a mature age and were probably free to select their husband. [10]  Scriptures such as  Rig Veda  and  Upanishads  mention several women sages and seers, notably  Gargi  and  Maitreyi. 11] There are very few texts specifically dealing with the role of women;[12]  an important exception is the  Stri Dharma Paddhati  of Tryambakayajvan, an official at  Thanjavur  around c. 1730. The text compiles strictures on womenly behaviour dating back to the  Apastamba  sutra (c. 4th c. BCE). [13]  The opening verse goes: mukhyo dharmaH smr^tiShu vihito bhartr^shushruShANam hi  : women are enjoined to be of service to their husbands. Some kingdoms in the ancient India had traditions such as  nagarvadhu  (bride of the city). Women competed to win the coveted title of the  nagarvadhu. Amrapali  is the most famous example of a nagarvadhu. According to studies, women enjoyed equal status and rights during the early  Vedic period. [14]  However, later (approximately 500 B. C. ), the status of women began to decline with the  Smritis  (esp. Manusmriti) and with the  Islamic  invasion of  Babur  and the  Mughal  empire and later Christianity curtailing womens freedom and rights. [5] Although reformatory movements such as Jainism allowed women to be admitted to the religious order, by and large, the women in India faced confinement and restrictions. 14]  The practice of  child marriages  is believed to have started from around sixth century. [15] Medieval period The Indian womans position in the society further deteriorated during the medieval period[5][6]  when  Sati  among some communities,  child marriages  and a ban on widow remarriages became part of social life among some communities in India. The  Muslim conquest in the Ind ian subcontinent  brought the  purdahpractice in the Indian society. Among the  Rajputs  of Rajasthan, the  Jauhar  was practised. In some parts of India, the  Devadasis  or the temple women were sexually exploited. Polygamy was widely practised especially among Hindu Kshatriya rulers. [15]  In many Muslim families, women were restricted to  Zenanaareas. In spite of these conditions, some women excelled in the fields of politics, literature, education and religion. [5]  Razia Sultana  became the only woman monarch to have ever ruled  Delhi. The  Gond  queen  Durgavati  ruled for fifteen years, before she lost her life in a battle with Mughal emperor  Akbars general Asaf Khan in 1564. Chand Bibi  defended  Ahmednagar  against the mighty  Mughal  forces of Akbar in 1590s. Jehangirs wife  Nur Jehan  effectively wielded imperial power and was recognized as the real force behind the Mughal throne. The Mughal princesses Jahanara and Zebunnissa were well-known poets, and also influenced the ruling administration  Shivajis mother,  Jijabai  was deputed as queen regent, because of her ability as a warrior and an administrator. In South India, many women administered villages, towns, divisions and heralded social and religious institutions. 15] The  Bhakti  movements tried to restore womens status and questioned some of the forms of oppression. [14]  Mirabai, a female saint-poet, was one of the most important Bhakti movement figures. Some other female saint-poets from this period include  Akka Mahadevi, Rami Janabai and  Lal Ded. Bhakti sects within Hinduism such as the Mahanubhav, Varkari and many others were principle movements within the Hi ndu fold to openly advocate social justice and equality between men and women. Shortly after the Bhakti movement,  Guru Nanak, the first Guru of  Sikhs  also preached the message of equality between men and women. He advocated that women be allowed to lead religious assemblies; to perform and lead congregational hymn singing called  Kirtan  or  Bhajan; become members of religious management committees; to lead armies on the battlefield; have equality in marriage, and equality in  Amrit  (Baptism). Other  Sikh Gurus  also preached against the discrimination against women.