Early Childhood Curriculum and Teaching Methods

All kids develop their accomplishments on their ain clip tabular array, hence, in a room of three to five twelvemonth old kids non all of them will be at the same developmental degree. Teachers must be able to make a course of study that encompasses the full schoolroom. This means that they need to let room for flexibleness and creativeness and must calculate out a manner to modify certain plans so that all kids, even those that do non larn as quickly, can see success. Students are extremely influenced by their instructor and their milieus, hence, pedagogues must do certain that they are act uponing the pupils in a positive manner. The things that we say and do are easy absorbed by small ears that we do non believe here us. Steering the children/ pupils through educational work is one facet of being a instructor, nevertheless, the other half is assisting them to construct their character and understand good ethical motives and values. We must care for our children/ pupils for each of their ain single abilities and endowments, acknowledging that everyone has something different to offer. Not merely are the instructors able to learn the pupils, the children/ pupils can besides learn us something new every twenty-four hours. These immature, delicate heads are so ready to larn, so we should take advantage of it while we have the opportunity. One important facet in making a developmentally appropriate course of study for a immature kid is being able to set out the right sum and type of supplies in the kids ‘s larning countries. For case, seting out paper, gum and scissors for an art undertaking that lone requires cutting and gluing would be more productive than pelting the kid with unneeded supplies such as pigment, coppices, twine and glister. Overwhelming them with excessively many options merely confuses the pupil which in bend, blocks their creativeness. It is all about cognizing the immature pupils, instructors should be able to learn them and supply the appropriate things they will necessitate for that point in their lives. It will besides profit all instructors to familiarise themselves with the many developmental theories. Jean Piaget came up with the theory of cognitive development, which is fundamentally the manner that a kid learns and thinks. ( Spodek, & A ; Saracho, 2003 ) quoted one of Piaget ‘s articles that stated a kid ‘s system of idea develops through a series of phases, common to all kids of all civilizations. Piaget ‘s theory is broken down into four phases ; Sensorimotor phase, Preoperational phase, Concrete Operational phase and Formal Operations phase. Educators need to take these theories/stages and learn from them. Not one theory is right or incorrect, hence, instructors need to entwine them and larn from each one. Gathering all of this cognition will merely assist them carry through the kids ‘s demands. There are besides six countries of development that instructors must embrace and do all six countries the foundation of a immature kid ‘s course of study. Harmonizing to Kagan and Kogan ( 1970 ) Teachers can assist a kid in cognitive development by exposing them to multiply chances. For illustration, literature, music, scientific discipline, creativeness and math all play a function in imitating a kid ‘s encephalon map. It is imperative that instructors be supportive and promoting to their pupils as they embark upon this journey and must supply an ambiance for a kid to pattern his or her physical development, paying attending to the big and all right motor accomplishments. Running, jumping, processing and puting up obstruction classs all help to develop the big motor accomplishments. It is besides of import that early instruction instructors help their pupils in the procedure of developing societal accomplishments. Students must larn how to make relationships with people that are outside of their household in order to derive adequate ego assurance and let them to experience more secure. Puting a kid into a group gives him/her the chance to develop individual to individual relationships. This will learn the kid communicating accomplishments and see the feelings of his/her equals every bit good as his/her ain personal feelings. Through this procedure a kid will larn to portion and negotiate, it will besides assist the kid to hold empathy for others. For all of this to be achieved, a kid must hold interaction with others on a regular footing. Childs have a million emotions, and the smallest thing will easy put them off. These emotions can run from cryings, to frights and besides to full blown fits. It is common to happen a kid that will demo a big sum of aggression towards his or her equals. It is the instructor ‘s duty to assist their kids in understanding the manner they are experiencing and offer them positive ways to cover with the emotion. Teaching them how to utilize their words right can assist them to get the better of many obstructions. The last of the six countries trades with creativeness, which can most easy be expressed through art. It has been said that art is a manner of pass oning our feelings without the usage of words. Offering pupils a broad scope of art supplies will let them to make whatever comes to their head. A instructor must ne'er judge or knock a kid ‘s work, but instead merely look up to it as an extension of them. Exposing our kids to their ain art every bit good as art created by others will merely assist to enrich a kid ‘s life. Teachers must besides honour all of their pupils as persons. It does non count how they look, where they come from, how good behaved or non behaved a kid might be. Children come from assorted backgrounds and holding kids that come from different backgrounds truly provides a door of chance for all. Making a course of study that revolves around households, encourages pupils to portion their households history. By demoing enthusiasm, it will assist the kid experience proud and value where they come from. It will besides assist the kid to understand how much the instructors value them for their ain individualism. This will broaden the positions of everyone in the category, making an anti-bias schoolroom environment. Today one can read a course of study the manner he or she reads the twenty-four hours ‘s newspaper, for in it one can see the breaks in our society. Often, the course of study becomes a conflict land for viing political and cultural thoughts ( Sadker & A ; Zittleman, 2009, pg. 353. A The job with the course of study is that many groups can act upon it ; groups such as publishing houses, instructors, pupils, parents, decision makers, the federal, province, and local authoritiess, national trials, instruction committees and commissions, professional organisations, and particular involvement groups. The move toward capable affair criterions and statewide testing has besides added another powerful force act uponing what is taught in schools. I believe the formal course of study should non be a fixed class of survey but shouldA alteration to reflect the values of the clip and the demand of the pupils. Students with particular demands can surge in schoolrooms designed to run into the ir demands, but flounder when they are unsuitably placed in regular categories. Teachers can construe and accommodate whatever official text or course of study usher has been assigned, emphasizing certain points in a text while giving limited attending to others. But I besides do back up the thought of holding standards-based instruction merely for math and scienceA that specifies exactly what pupils should larn, focuses the course of study and direction on run intoing these criterions, and provides continual proving to see if the criterions are achieved. TheA course of study must include aims and activities that Teach pupils how to continue the past, but non be limited by it. Students must larn to work efficaciously in the present, and fix for the hereafter, and the course of study should be antiphonal to these alterations. ( Sadker, 2005 ) . To win as an eduactor, one needs to cognize when to step back and allow the environment go the 3rd instructor. He or she must larn to be a facilitator and understand how to put up an environment for a immature kid. This country must be safe, for case no glass or chemicals that a kid can acquire a clasp of, and besides supplied with proper stuffs. Teachers need to stand back and observe ; merely offering words of encouragement. This is where kids move out their frights, Tell narratives, and larn to get by with mundane life. Donovan and Burns ( 2002 ) demonstrate that kids come into the universe tidal bore to learnaˆÂ ¦ there is no inquiry that the environment in which a kid grows up has a powerful impact on how the kid develops and what the kid learns. Children are really sensitive, and this enables them to be cognizant of everything that is traveling on around them. We need to supply them with an ambiance that is strong and stable, leting them to distribute their wings and fly.

Healthy Boy-Girl Relationships

Reading Report Strain Checks Focal Technology & Livelihood Education Summary : IV – John The first lesson was about healthy boy-girl relationships. Topics include friendships in mate selection, The differences between Love and Infatuation and things to keep in mind about dating. The second lesson was all about courtship and engagement. There were even some things I didn't know about like Classical courtship practices like Harlan and things like that.We also reviewed some modern ways of courtship and all about dating and choosing lifetime partners. We also tackled the engagement recess and responsibilities of the engaged couples. The third lesson was all about families – the social and cultural changes, family composition, roles and responsibilities and Filipino values that seem to dwindle through time and we must strive to keep alive. Reflection: I learned a lot about these things, and how to handle myself as a teen, how I should patiently wait for the right time, and h ow to choose my lifetime partner when the time comes.Since I'm still in high school, most feelings come as puppy love and infatuation, and also I should prioritize my studies first because I must first get a Job ND quern a lot of money before I start engaging in my love lifeboats I don't want to be like other people who start families even though they didn't finish schooling yet and they don't have a budget. I also learned about things I should always bear in mind when someday I start my own family and I should teach my children the same values my parents, grandparents and ancestors passed down from generation to generation. Bible says about†¦IV – John What the 1) Friendship – In the Bible, one of the most common stories about friendship is that of David and Jonathan. Although Jonathans father, King Saul, wanted to murder David, Jonathan still cared for him, loved him and treated him like a brother. Verses about Friendship; Proverbs 18:24; A man of many companions may come to ruin, but there Is a friend who sticks closer than a brother. Proverbs 27:5-6; Better is open rebuke than hidden Ecclesiastic 4:9; Two are better than one, because they have a good return for their work: If one falls down, his friend can help him up.But pity the man who falls and has no one to help him up! 2) Courtship – Isaac and Rebirth's story is one of the most loved in the Bible. It reminds us that God knows what's best for us, and he has someone prepared. We just have to trust his will because he has the perfect timing. It also warns us not to choose partners outside our faith, because unbelievers can lead us astray. Verses about Courtship John 1 5:12; – This is my commandment, That ye love one another, as I have loved you. Corinthians 6:14-15; Do not be bound together with unbelievers; for what partnership have righteousness and lawlessness, or what fellowship has light with darkness? Or what harmony has Christ with Belief, or what has a believer in common with an unbeliever? John 1 5:9; – As the Father hath loved me, so have I loved you: intention ye in my love. 3) Engagement – Engagement is important. It shows your seriousness in wanting to marry your partner. The Bible says the same. It also talks about God's love for us and how he will â€Å"betroth† us in righteousness, wise Judgment, lopsidedness and mercies.It also reminds us that we should agree with each other and love each other, for that, as the Bible says, is the bond of preferences. Verses about Engagement Hoses 2:19-20 – And I will betroth thee unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness, and in Judgment, and in lopsidedness, and in mercies. Amos 3:3 – Can two walk together, except they be agreed? Colombians 3:14 – And above all these things [put on] charity, which is the bond of preferences. 4) Marriage – The Bible has a lot to say about marriage.I only chose a few verses but these are very long because I love the point the writers are trying to make. Marriage is a sacred thing. A promise and a commitment for a lifetime. But some people these days aren't taking marriage seriously. Read what the Bible says Verses about Marriage Matthew 19:4-6; â€Å"Haven't you read,† he replied, â€Å"that at the beginning the Creator made them male and female,' and said, ‘For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh'? So they separate. Ephesians 5:22-33; Wives, submit to your husbands as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the Savior. Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything. Husbands, love your wives, Just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her to make her holy, cleansing her by the gashing with water through the word, and to present her to himself as a radiant church, without stain or wrinkle or any other blemish, but holy and blameless.In this same way, husbands ought to love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself. After all, no one ever hated his own body, but he feeds and cares for it, Just as Christ does the church– for we are members of his body. â€Å"For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh. † This is a profound mystery–but I am talking about Christ and the church. However, each one of you also must love his wife as he loves himself, and the wife must respect her husband.Hebrews 13:4-7; Marriage should be honored by all, and the marriage bed kept pure, for God will Judge the adulterer and all the sexually immoral. Keep your lives free from the love of money and be content with what you have, because God has said, â€Å"Never will I leave you; never will I forsake you. † So we say with confi dence, â€Å"The Lord is my helper; I will not be afraid. What can man do to me? † Remember your leaders, who spoke the word of God to you. Consider the outcome of their way of life and imitate their faith.

Mcdonalds Corporate Identity

Corporate identity is the most significant element to create and strengthen a company's industrial presence among the competitors. Corporate identity helps a company to establish a name in the consumer's mind and communicate its image to the target group from the shortest way. While exposing the positive sides among the competitors, it presents the first sights about the qualifications like quality, trust and stability.If an organization is ruled by the principles rather than the managers or in other words if the principles remain unchanged although the managers are replaced and if that particular organization has qualifications and standards which separates it from the others than we can conclude that organization is a corporation. Corporations do not really need very strong managers. A manager's success in a corporation is measured by his ability to apply and adapt the existing principles. Main idea behind a corporate identity program is to explain the organization itself and its p urpose explicitly in all the business done.Recent surveys indicated that average human brain is only capable of dealing with seven different units at most at the same time and also ranking them according to the priorities. Companies are bombarding the consumers with advertisements in the daily life. For instance one thousand and two hundreds of advertisements are aired per day on a channel in Germany. Products with no name and no specific producer have almost no chance in an environment like this. Although consumers say that they are not affected bu the advertisements, they still prefer the brands they heard before or seen somewhere.They prefer the brands they recognize. How do the consumers recognize the brands? They are always facing the products but they do not have enough information about the producers. Because normally consumers do not have the opportunity to look around the production facilities, walk into the offices and get to know with the managers. The identity allows us to identify a particular object and separate it from the identical. If an organization has no identity than it is invisible to the consumers. First McDonald's restaurant was opened in 1954 by Dick and Mac McDonald in California, San Bernardino.Now McDonald's is the leading global food service retailer with more than 32,000 local restaurants serving more than 60 million people in 117 countries each day. McDonald's is operated globally from the company headquarters in Oak Brook near Chicago. Again in Oak Brook, lots of restaurant owners and employees around the world are trained in the international education center called Hamburger University every year. More than 75% of McDonald's restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local men and women. [1] All the restaurants are operated either by the company or by franchisees.Controlled by the company and operated independently, distribution centers supply the products to all restaurants. Additionally, all the restaurant e mployees are trained in storage, handling and arrangement of products and in the delivery of customer service. Operating in 117 countries, McDonald's has around 1. 7 million employees all around the world in more than 32. 000 restaurants according to the corporate website. Two-thirds of hourly paid staff are high-school graduates aged between 16 and 20. 90% of staff work for 35 hours per week or less. 2] McDonald's offers a complete benefits package involving health protection, payment, rewards, opportunity to invest for the future to its employees. Although the company claims to offer nice conditions for the employees, recently some of the employes filed lawsuits against the company. One of them sued the company for weight gain and won. Employees are given video tapes designed to make the employee feel comfortable about their first days and give them basic information about McDonald's. The tapes are considered unrealistic and cliche by the viewers.People all around the world prefer McDonald's because of the standards put by the managers. McDonald's standards was formed by Ray Kroc when he explored the way to create customer loyalty is by assuring quality, successful service and comprehensive cleaning. Since then all the moves to improve McDonald's system is done according to the standards. That's how McDonald's is separated from the other restaurants. With the help of this standards McDonald's create a corporate identity formed by products&service, environment, information and behavior and thus ensures customer loyalty.The feeling styled by a powerful corporate identity creates a perception of belonging within the employees and flowing out to the customers it can increase customer loyalty. It also helps the company to deal with vendors and suppliers as well as employees since it explicitly communicates the values and purpose of the organization. Corporate identity is managed well by McDonald's through its history. For instance, since the consumer group is cha nging McDonald's changed its brand image targeting from children into adults to save the customer loyalty.Two years ago McDonald's was at the top of â€Å"Brand Keys Customer Loyalty Engagement Index Rankings† in the fast food category. Although the company was not doing well in the rankings lately due to the rumors about the fast food, they have shown a great progress and ranked first in the list. [3] People all around the world prefer McDonald's because of the standards put by the managers. McDonald's standards was formed by Ray Kroc when he explored the way to create customer loyalty is by assuring quality, successful service and comprehensive cleaning. Since then all the moves to improve McDonald's system is done according to the standards.That's how McDonald's is separated from the other restaurants. With the help of this standards McDonald's create a corporate identity formed by products;service, environment, information and behavior and thus ensures customer loyalty. T he feeling styled by a powerful corporate identity creates a perception of belonging within the employees and flowing out to the customers it can increase customer loyalty. It also helps the company to deal with vendors and suppliers as well as employees since it explicitly communicates the values and purpose of the organization.Corporate identity is managed well by McDonald's through its history. For instance, since the consumer group is changing McDonald's changed its brand image targeting from children into adults to save the customer loyalty. Two years ago McDonald's was at the top of â€Å"Brand Keys Customer Loyalty Engagement Index Rankings† in the fast food category. Although the company was not doing well in the rankings lately due to the rumors about the fast food, they have shown a great progress and ranked first in the list.According to the recent studies while satisfied customer will tell four or five others about a pleasant experience, unsatisfied ones will tell seven to thirteen others about it. More important than that unhappy customers keep voicing their dissatisfaction for up to twenty-three years. [4] The most important issue about recovering a lost customer is to come to the realization that the company has made a mistake somewhere and there is a problem with customer satisfaction. There are only seldom cases when there is a misunderstanding regarding the issue and therefore it would be wiser to assume that the customer is right and demands attention.Thus, the personnel should be trained in such a way that he or she will do everything at his or her disposal to help the customer. In very few cases, an unsatisfied customer is the one who has received absolutely terrible service in regards to the product or the service itself. Most of the time however, a lost customer is not a customer who has been unsatisfied once but rather a customer who has been unsatisfied and also has been unsatisfied with the help he or she received regarding the issue.Thus, a professional intervention at the right time equals success in bringing the customer back and thus customer policy should be constructed around this philosophy. Mc Donald’s in this sense provides full responsibility for its products, the behavior of its employees and managers, the hygiene of its workplaces and most importantly the responsibility to help those who felt that their hard earned money has not bought enough service through whichever means possible. If a customer finds out that his or her burger has not been cooked well, McDonald’s employees know that they should replace it with a proper one.If the customer is irritated by an individual in the restaurant who poses a threat to others, the McDonald’s security knows how to handle the situation. If a customer is concerned about the hygiene of the kitchen, the manager knows how to convince the customer that the restaurant’s kitchen is up to universal hygiene standards. In other words, M cDonald’s intends on pleasing its customers by convincing them that every service they get is superior and the employees are trained to prove it for the customer’s satisfaction.When a customer at a McDonald’s restaurant has a problem with any aspect of the service, he or she is not confronted with a negative attitude, an uncaring approach or a simple â€Å"Take it or leave it† mentality but rather finds a helpful employee looking forward for helping the McDonald’s customer. Thus, the McDonald’s employee training program is a very important part of the company’s appeal. McDonald’s not only picks its employees through an exclusive and selective process but also provides them with a training to make sure that they are provided with the skills to cope with possible emergent problems.In this sense, the company introduces its own policies, procedures and techniques in regards to the business itself but also puts its employees through a psychological training where they are posed with possible problematic scenarios and their responses are demanded. Instead of coming up with a â€Å"To-Do List† that every customer needs to follow, McDonald’s provides possible scenarios that require thinking and action on behalf of the employee.Of course, this does not mean that the company does not have a â€Å"To-Do List† or even maybe several of them but rather it means that it asks for its employees’ contribution in a troubled situation for perfection in service.http://www. aboutmcdonalds. com/mcd/our_company. html [2]http://www. bized. co. uk/compfact/mcdonalds/mc14. htm [3]http://www. brandweek. com/bw/news/recent_display. jsp? vnu_content_id=1003711787 [4]http://www. smartbiz. com/article/articleview/112/1/7/

Comparing Role of Race between Rodriguez in Blaxicans and Other Essay

Comparing Role of Race between Rodriguez in Blaxicans and Other Reinvented Americans and Baldwin in Stranger in the Village - Essay Example This research will begin with the Rodriguez viewpoint and experiences of race and racism. A race is separate from culture and ethnicity: Rodriguez addresses the issue and dilemma of American immigrants and the changing notion of a race at a period when cultures spread beyond a nation’s borders. He admits that immigration would continue to facilitate racial variety to introduce people of different cultures and origins in the complex American society. As a result, Rodriguez points out the diminishing differentiation of a black and white race in America and demonstrates the transforming America, where residents and immigrants acquire new identities through categorization. Irrespective of the racial variety, he emphasizes that racial mixture should serve as a point of pride and promote diversity through cultural assimilation and reinvention, rather than maintaining the separate thought of ‘selves’. Rodriguez supports American categorization as introduced by late presi dent Nixon, convinced that it’s not about race, but blending people with more of their cultures, ethnicity, and environment. This would ease the tension of racism and assist sway people away from the idealized black-white divided thinking. For example, categorization of Black, Hispanic and Asian among others introduces the ethnic and cultural elements. While Black is a race, Hispanic is more of a culture and related to environmental origins and only fits the definition of the North American world. Hispanics could be black, Indian, and from different countries hence not a specific race. Viewed in this sense, a racial mixture is not a negative thing in a society.

Footnotes in Financial Statements Research Paper

Footnotes in Financial Statements - Research Paper Example The last section of the financial statements consists of the footnotes and consists of information such as the policies and methodologies used in the preparation of the financial statement. In the simplest sense, the information in the footnotes is an extension of financial statement. It contains quality information that might be useful in understanding the financial position of the company. The footnotes can be divided into two section based on the content in it. One is about the accounting methodologies that are used in the preparation of the report. Second is the detailed explanation of the financial and operational reports. The information about the accounting policies of a company is identified and elaborately explained in the first section. There are numerous parts to this section that addresses different aspects such as inventory, revenue, etc. The policies with respect to these different aspects are discussed in this section. The determination of value of these different aspects is also discussed in this section(Tracy, 2009). There are numerous aspects of a business that cannot be easily understood such as when a company books a sale or revenue determination process. The understanding of these processes is very important to understand the information provided in the report. The information about these processes, mainly the revenue section, is provided in the footnotes. The revenue recognition and revenue determination process is addressed in the footnotes of a financial report. Hence the understanding of such methodologies and policies is only possible with the help of the information in the footnotes. The information in the footnotes is very valuable from an investor’s perspective as it can provide valuable information about the financial structure of the company. Facts that cannot be easily grasped from the main report can be understood by analyzing the accounting methods used. The analysis and comparison of the accounting

Analytical and Critical questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analytical and Critical questions - Essay Example This is circumstantial evidence for a Creator, in this case of the watchmaker. There are numerous similar examples offered by Paley to support his claims. The most important implication is that science is subservient to religion. But the greatest rebuttal to this assertion would come in the form of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection a century after the publication of Natural Theology. The arguments offered by Paley are very eloquent and persuasive, yet not decisive. His assumptions and premises are dubious in many instances. To be fair to Paley, writing as he did a century before the arrival of Charles Darwin in the scientific scene, his arguments were handicapped by the lack of evidences to the contrary that are offered in abundance by Darwin. Yes, many natural phenomena can be explained scientifically without resort to argument from divine intervention. Perhaps, Paley’s passion for religion has biased his views. By virtue of stating a strong thesis, the author is compelled to look and select evidence in support of it. Perhaps a free exposition of the subject would have lead to a balanced rhetoric and findings. Paley’s Natural Theology is relevant today as a specimen of logical rigour and refined styles of argument. Its thesis has steadily lost relevance since the age of the Enlightenment and that trend continues today. Richard Dawkins’ main argument is that the forces of evolution give an illusion of deliberate design, whereas in truth, they were shaped by gradual and random mutations sifted by the filters of natural selection. Drawing on the analogy of the watchmaker by William Paley, Dawkins produces his polemic by systematically dismantling the theory by design as applicable to life forms on earth. Dawkins shows that random mutations at the level of the DNA, when filtered and selected under the process of

Group Development Application Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Group Development Application Paper - Assignment Example ompelled to develop and sustain as well as improve their management and decision making abilities to guide them and to guide those subordinate to them in order that a successful culture in established in the institution (Barron and Greenberg (1990, pg. 497) Moreover, decision making processes in such learning places often are designed through delegation to various groups of individuals and /or students known as ‘task groups’. Some may be external such as the ‘Board of Governors’ while some are internal such as ‘the student leadership committees’. Organizational leaders need to enact well structured establishments that are aggressive to ensure that their committees and task groups work together or independently as long as the efficiency and production of the intended results are well reflected as best results. This important step in emphasized by the problems and challenges existing in the use of group and committee models in decision-making processes. This need is significantly shown in Dean Tjosvold’s book; â€Å"Working Together to Get Things Done.† Tjosvold (1986) says; â€Å"Forming teams to make complex decisions does not automatically result in effective problem solving. Indeed, sometimes people working together reinforce their biases and The Decision Making and Planning Process 10 enhance their limitations. They may develop groupthink conformity that results in fiasco that severely damages the company. Alternatively, individuals use the group to push for their own self-interest at the expense of the com pany’s welfare (p.96). A study by Day et. al. finds that head teachers’ or any leaders’ values are key components in their success. â€Å"Successful heads improve pupil outcomes through who they are - their values, virtues, dispositions, attributes and competences – as well as what they do in terms of the strategies they select and the ways in which they adapt their leadership practices to their unique context.† In illustration, design in

Seeing Beyond the Bright Side of Outsourcing Essay

Seeing Beyond the Bright Side of Outsourcing - Essay Example At present, outsourcing has become a very popular source of competitive advantage. By paying other companies to run IT and other support divisions, many U.S. companies are cutting staffs, costs, and increasing efficiency. The immediate benefits can be great, allowing smaller companies to gain cheaper access to expensive technologies and allowing large firms to expand there IT usage without risk of obsolescence. As with any potentially rewarding activity, there are risks involved. Companies need to weigh the risks, rewards, and costs involved before making a decision to outsource. The more vital the task, the more care should be taken with this decision (Kakumanu and Portanova, September 2006). But, first what is outsourcing According to Webster's New World Finance and Investment Dictionary (2003), outsourcing is an increasingly popular process where a company contracts with another company to manage services that it needs but that it doesn't want to provide itself. Typically, outsourced services are non-core activities such as janitorial services, information technology, and food catering for the employee cafeteria. Sometimes companies outsource manufacturing and focus on sales and marketing. As such, outsourcing became popular because it allowed companies to reduce short-term costs. On the other hand, Laabs (1993) and Spee (1994), defined outsourcing as something that involves a long-term contractual relationship for business services from an external provider. These relationships are increasingly popular in a wide variety of business activities. Firms widely outsource in areas once strictly considered internal domains, such as human resources. Although most people think that outsourcing is a new innovation, outsourcing is already an older practice than some people realize. In colonial days, American businesses outsourced the production of covered-wagon covers and clipper ships' sails to workers in Scotland. The raw material for these products was imported from India. A couple of hundred years later, in the 1970s, computer companies began to outsource their payroll applications to outside service providers. However, most of these jobs were outsourced to companies in other states rather than overseas. It was in the late 1980s that the practice of outsourcing began to boom. During this time the field of information technology (IT) was growing rapidly, and the demand for IT workers who could develop hardware and software exploded. As the Internet and telecommunications fields developed, companies created thousands of high-paying jobs to attract talented IT employees to work for them. As the U.S. economy faltered, however, comp anies had to cut their IT budgets and began to seek a less expensive labor force outside of the United States (Dunbar, 2006). Moreover, according to Dunbar (2006), India, with its large population of English speakers and trained workers, transformed to become one of the first countries to benefit from the outsourcing trend. Americans companies began outsourcing some of their low-end IT jobs to India in the early 1990s and have gradually outsourced a wide variety of work, including call center servicing, medical transcription, tax return preparation, research and development, and medical data analysis. Cities like Bangalore have become well known for their skylines dotted with call center buildings that seem to have cropped up overnight. Providing customer

Incident report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Incident report - Essay Example Knowledge results from the combination of grasping experience and transforming it† (Kolb 1984). I faced with small but diverse conflicts during my activity. There is a tendency that the middle managers have proven to be more mobile. So first of all I estimated the conflict in order to give an answer to the question of what we can change the current situation. The manager should properly analyze what the person needs or do not needs, and what will only confuse the worker, to be able to articulate the problem and extract the desired information (Aldair 2009). I was needed to think and act quickly in order to satisfy the tasks proposed, I used to concentrate and express my ideas and thoughts correctly in order not to offend anyone ant at the same time be understood by my interlocutors. Kolb proposed six main characteristics for experiential learning (Kolb, 1999), including the following points: His experiential learning theory was developed in order to give a model to develop our practice. This theory has appeared under the different titles like The Learning Cycle, The Kolb Cycle or The Experiential Learning Cycle. The Kolb Cycle is divided into four different stages and it is possible to start at any point, however the order of the stages of learning from experience must not be ruined to achieve the successful results. The Experiential Learning Cycle says that is not enough to get an experience in order of learning. The experience is essential thing when it is necessary to formulate generalisations and concepts, useful for the new situations. In order to prove the skills you should get to the new situations. According to the written above the idea is to link theory and action by planning with reflections back to the theory. In order to join it to my activity I need to open each category a bit more. Concrete experience is

Last poem Essay Example for Free

Last poem Essay Dogen was greatly surprised by the fact that making a strong accent on the study of koan Chinese masters did not teach their disciples Buddhist sutras, which made the core study in Buddhist monasteries in Japan (Tanahashi, 5). Dogen’s discontent with the style of teaching became even a reason of his refusal to take Dharma transmission from one of the masters. In 1225 Dogen decided to leave Rinzai school of Chan Buddhism and started his journey in order to visit Ru-jing, whose style of Zen teaching differed from ones which disenchanted Dogen. Ru-jing was the thirteenth patriarch of Soto lineage of Zen Buddhism. During that time he lived at Tiantong Mountain in Nongbo. Soto school, presented by Ru-jing made an accent on sitting meditation, or zazen. In general it used much softer methods than Rinzai School did. Studying Zen with Ru-jing Dogen has finally reached enlightenment of mind and body. The legends state that he finally reached liberation after hearing the Master’s words: â€Å"Cast of body and mind† (Tanahashi). These words became especially meaningful for Dogen and he later used them in many his writings. As he states in one of his works: †To study the Way is to study the self. To study the self is to forget the self. To forget the self is to be enlightened by all things of the universe. To be enlightened by all things of the universe is to cast off the body and mind of the self as well as those of others. Even the traces of enlightenment are wiped out, and life with traceless enlightenment goes on forever and ever† (Kim, 195). In 1227 Dogen received Dharma transmission from Ru-jing and finally admitted that he has reached the answer for the question of all his life. Dogen was greatly influenced by his teacher Ru-jing. All Dogen’s religious philosophy is marked by two major tendencies. The first peculiarity of all Dogen’s teaching is his attachment to Buddhism tradition and second one is a strong accent on individual search. These tendencies can be traced not only in Dogens’s books but also in his lifestyle. Dogen did not reject traditional Buddhism. He only wanted people to give critical evaluation of its doctrines and principles. Dogen criticized competition among different schools of Zen because they were tiring Buddhism to pieces. He proclaimed identity of faith and believed it could have been found in Soto Zen. He did not even want to apply the name Zen for his sect and did his best to follow his teacher’s lifestyle living without attachment to anything. In 1228, after reaching enlightenment, Dogen returned to Japan. He came back to ti Kennin-ji, a monastery where he spent several years learning from Eisai and his successors. After coming back he wrote a detailed description of sitting mediation called Zazen. The manual was called Fukan Zazengi, which can be translated as â€Å"Universally Recommended Instruction for Zazen. † His teaching appealed to many people and he gathered a lot of adherents around himself. After some time he had to leave Kennin-ji because of tension, which arouse inside the Tendai community. This tensions with caused by the desire of Buddhist leaders to suppress new forms of Buddhism, including Zen. Dogen left Kinnin-ji temple in 1230 and moved to empty temple situated to the south from Kyoto in the place called Uji (Tanahashi , 40). Dogen founded small temple in this place and soon this temple grew into Kosho-Hirniji Temple. The tension between Dogen and Tangai community did not stop, though. That is one of the reasons Dogen gladly accepted Hatano Yoshishige’s proposition to relocate to Echizen province, located far from Kyoto. After relocation Dogen’s disciples built a new center for Zen practice and called it Daibutsuji Temple. Dogen later renamed this center to Eihei-ji. This temple remains one of the most popular Zen temples in modern Japan. Dogen spent all his further life living and teaching in this temple. Shogun regent Hojo Tokiyori invited Dogen to come and teach him Zen in 1247. Dogen accepted this invitation and made a long journey to Kamakura in order to meet Shogun and retuned to Eihei-ji the next year. In 1252 Dogen became seriously ill and after realizing that he was not going to recover he gave his robes to his favorite disciple Koun Ejo. This way Koun Ejo became Abbot of Eihei-ji. After appointing Koun Ejo an abbot Dogen left for Kyoto looking for remedies from his illness. The remedy was not found and Dogen died in 1953. Soon before death he wrote his last poem.

Three Islamic Leadership Principles Theology Religion Essay

Three Islamic Leadership Principles Theology Religion Essay This chapter elaborates and discusses elements which contribute on the literature review. This chapter started with review of the job performance, follows by the literature review on leadership and then literature review on Islamic Leadership. This literature was about the relationship between Islamic Leadership principles towards Job Performance. The literature was then compressed into the conceptual framework that represents the organizing concept of the study conducted by the researchers. 2.1 JOB PERFORMANCE According to the Murphy 1989, Job performance is defines as behaviors that have a relationship to the goals of the organization. Besides that, other definition of job performance as action and behaviors that control under each individual that contributes to the organizational s goals and measured by the individual level of proficiency (Campbell, 1990). Kane (1986) defined job performance as a record of outcomes achieved in carrying out the job function during the specified period. Alternatively, Rotundo (2000) argues that this definition includes a variety of job behaviors and that some behaviors contribute to the employees duties and responsibilities, while other behaviors still affect the goals of the organization but do not fall under duties and responsibilities. To understand the job performance is determine whether an individual job performance changes over time or still stable from year to year. Job performance can be improved by with leadership, training, work experience, and also by mentoring or coaching. Job performance have to be differentiated between other measures of performance that are sometimes used interchangeably or maybe incorrectly so. The often way to measure job performance is a leader rate his or her employees job performance (Rotundo Maria, 2002). Some research has shown that leadership integrates a great deal of information in these ratings. Performance measurement systems usually focus on the supervisor or manager as the rater of the job performance. As the leader, the challenge is determine on how it affect individual behavior and the work situations can be structured to achieve maximum employee job performance. Effective leadership generates improved motivation and effort. 2.2 LEADERSHIP Northouse (2011), said that being a leader is challenging, exciting plus rewarding, and carries a lot of responsibilities. A leader also should be fully aware of the followers and their interests, ideas, positions, attitudes, and motivations. Leadership is showing the way and helping or inducing others to pursue it. This includes envisioning a desirable future, promoting a clear purpose or mission, supportive values and intelligent strategies, and empowering and engaging those entire concerned (Gill, 2011). Allio (2009), in his article has listed the big five ideas; (1) good leaders have good character, (2) theres no best way to lead, (3) leaders must collaborate, (4) adaptability makes longevity possible and (5) leaders are self-made. However, a lot of the research in business and management has considered organizations as a religion neutral sphere, and as a result religion was not deemed worthy of study (Majeed, Khalid and Khan, 2011). As researchers keep on discussing about leadership, they only focused on Western business environment (Bass, 1999; Yukl, 2002; Fiedler, 1967; Stogdill, 1974). 2.3 ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP The Quran and hadith (the everyday actions and sayings of the Prophet) has explained about leadership qualities some fourteen centuries ago have only been discussed and emerged in the modern times. To thee a Book explaining All things, a Guide, a Mercy, And Glad Tidings to Muslims. (Al-Nahl, 16:89). And We appointed, from among them, leaders, giving guidance under Our command, so long as they persevered with patience and continued to have faith in Our Signs. (As-Sajdah 32:24). Abbas Ali (2005) mentioned in his book, Islamic Perspectives On Management and Organization, Islamic Leadership is a set of shared influence process. The Quran clearly calls for a leader to be flexible and approachable to followers and they comfort for commitment with the presence of these qualities within an organization. Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) and Ibn Taimiya (1263-1328) opinion about leadership has been accepted. Ibn Khaldun (p,112) stated that several qualities are important for a leader like, tolerance towards weak, forgiveness of error, patience and hospitality toward guests. Lacking of these skills may decrease the quality of good leader. Next, Beekun and Badawi (1998), stated that, one of the definitions of Islamic Leadership is, the effort that takes by the leader to seeks the voluntary participations of followers in order to achieve the organizational objectives. Moreover, the leaders must be the role models in the organization and guide them in way of happiness in life (Abbasi, Rehman and Afsar, 2009). According to Moten (2011) he stated that the Western secular societies do not have a clear picture of leadership phenomenon from an Islamic Perspective. He added that there are several factors to describe reasons for the need of Islamic Leadership (Moten, 2011). Firstly, there is no distinction between the spiritual and temporal affairs in Islam whereby both lies down and moving together encircling all spheres of human life, (Moten, 2011). To strengthen this statement, Islam teachings according to Iqbal and Mohamad (1962), is not a departmental affair, it is neither mere thought, nor mere feeling, nor mere action; it is an expression of the whole man. Secondly, Moten (2011) points out, the need for implementation of the Islamic Leadership is because based on central concept of Islam i.e., tawhid (unity and sovereignty of Allah), refuse the power of control and command to anyone but Allah, the creator and Nourishes of the universe. To support his statement, Moten referred the Quran (3 :189, 6:57), the command rests with none but Allah to disclaim anyone who claims absolute right and power over anything. Next, Islam perceives that every individual and society activity is for the sake of Allah, Moten (2011). Relation between one creaturess with other creatures is built upon his distinctive relation to Allah. Thus, it is not a dyadic relationship between two believers but it is a triadic relationship in that each is relating to other through Allah as the intermediary, Moten (2011). After submitting the need for Islamic Leadership, Moten (2011) give his point of view on leadership in Islam. According to him, leadership in Islam is a process of communication and a moral activity between the equals directed towards reaching the organization goal, (Moten, 2011). He added, as the leader and the followers both understand the goal and actively joint together for the accomplishment of the goal, the accomplishment of that goal assumes the form of worship or ibadah, hence, the leadership in Islam can be seen as ibadah, (Moten, 2011). The Quran, Sunnah, and the jurisprudence give a comprehensive code of laws: social, moral, political, administrative, economic, civil, religious, and ethical to guide the Muslim leaders to run Islamic organizations appropriately and effectively (Aabed, 2006). Ali (2009) mentioned that, leader is obliged and illustrates a willingness to listen, openness, and concern in dealing with subordinates or follower. Islamic Leadership is defined as a group of leadership principles extracted from the Quran and the biography of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions, structured of good and ethical leadership essential to guide organizations appropriately and effectively. Moreover, it made up noblest Islamic traditions of science, worship, justice, and Ihsan(doing good) and to hammer these values in Muslim, (Khaliq, 2009; Khan, 2007). Besides that, Islam urged the leaders to pay attention to followers needs. It is because, it is trusteeship of Allah, a given responsibility given from him and a service to the mankind, (Toor, 2007). If Allah puts anyone in the position of authority over the Muslims affairs and he secludes himself (from them), not fulfilling their needs, wants, and poverty, Allah will keep Himself away from him, not fulfilling his need, want, and poverty (Sahih Muslim). Leadership is a responsibility which is shared by all adults in a Muslim society as Islam point of view (Mohsen, 2007). As pointed out clearly by Prophet Muhammad in one of the hadiths, Every one of you is a shepherd and everyone is responsible for what he is shepherd of (Bukhari and Muslim). There are some sign for a Muslim that considered good in implementing Islamic values (Abdul Hakim, 2011). Islamic ideas in performance emphasize a high standard of trust, honesty and reliability toward overall behavior. The employees daily activities should be conducted in the strictest obedience to Allah SWT commandments (Dr. Abdullah Mohammed Seidu). As mentioned by A. Hakim (2012), it is very important to understand the Islamic spiritual motivations, including faith, devoting and Islamic application rules. And they have to understand them completely (kaffah) spiritual motivation will give the urge to do the job as well as possible. Therefore, leadership development is one of the important subjects in Islamic teachings (Majeed, Khalid and Khan, 2011). From an Islamic perspective, followings are some of the key attributes for effective leadership; Justice (al Adl), Trust (al Amanah) and Honesty (al Sidq). The organization performance and goals will be achieved in terms of employee performance and there comfort for commitment with the presence of these qualities within an organization. Following are three principles of Islamic Leadership. 2.3.1 THREE ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES Justice (al Adl) The management leaders must behave with team members equitable and fairly without any discrimination about their race, color or religion. Islam always called human being for doing justice to all. Besides that, the Quran also gives the direction to Muslims to be fair and just in any situation even if the decisions goes against their parents or themselves (Ather Syed Mohammad, Sobhani Farid Ahammad, 2007). Allah SWT says: O you, who believe! Stand out firmly for justice, aswitness to Allah, even as against yourselves or your parents or your kin and whether it be against rich or poor, for Allah protects both.(Surah An-Nisa, Verse-135). According to Imam Hasan (2011), the concept of justice flows directly from the law giver Himself, Allah (SWT) so that the council of jurists having the legislative function interpreted by the law by the direct source is the Quran and Hadith to come at a just decision on issues that beneficial to the community. These concepts from the merciful Allah (SWT) frees any individual from accusations as all decisions flow and are based on Allahs commands (Imam Hasan Qasim Okikiola, 2011). Trust (al Amanah) Trust plays an important role for a leader. Allah says in the Quran, Those who faithfully observe their trusts and their covenants, (23:08), and Surely Allah commands you to make over trusts to their owners and that when you judge between people you judge with justice; surely Allah admonishes you with what is excellent; surely Allah is Seeing, Hearing, (04:58), and O you who believe! Be not unfaithful to Allah and the Messenger, nor be unfaithful to your trusts while you know. (08:27). Leaders in organization should be a trustworthy person and can be relying on (Alhabshi et. al, 1994). According to Yunus Mohamad, (2011) amanah is from the word Aman that gives a means like peace, no fear or threat but in Islamic terminology it means honesty and fulfilling the rights of people and Allah SWT. Mohammad Yunus on May 02, 2011 Amanah is fulfilling responsibilities in a good manner, with all talent and potentials, it is an amanah but not fulfilling the responsibilities is a mistrust and deception. He it is that has made you inheritors in the earth: if, then, any do reject (Allah), their rejection (works) against themselves: their rejection but adds to the odium for the Unbelievers in the sight of their Lord: their rejection but adds to (their own) undoing. (Fatir, 35:39). Honesty (al Sidq) According to Beekun and Badawi (2012), honesty of the leaders is considered as to the extent that there is consistency between word and action. Leaders do what they say they are going to do. The Prophet Moses himself is labeled as strong and trustworthy by one of the damsels (as in chapter 28: 26) while the Prophet Joseph is cited as one who is truthful in the Holy Quran. (Chapter 12: 46) Similarly, the Prophet Muhammad during his youth used to be called  Sadiq  (the truthful) and  Amin  (the trustworthy). Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991), said successful leaders are open with their followers, do not violate confidences, discreet and or carelessly reveal potentially harmful information. As cited in Kirkpatrik and Locke (1991), Kouzes and Posner conclude: Honesty is absolutely important to leadership. If we are willing to follow a person, whether it is into a fight or into the boardroom, we first want to guarantee ourselves that the person is worth to be trusted. We need to know whether the person is being truthful, ethical, and principled. We want to be fully assured in the integrity of our leaders. 2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Table 2.1 below was summary of the independent and dependent variables of this research. The summary illustrates relationship between Principles of Islamic Leadership and Job Performance. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Islamic Leadership Principles: 1. Justice (al Adl) 2. Trust (al Amanah) 3. Honesty (al Siddiq) Job Performance Table 2.1: Independent variables and Dependent Variable Figure 2.2 below illustrate the conceptual framework for this study. This figure demonstrates the relationship between Islamic Leadership Principles toward Job Performance. Islamic Leadership Principles: Independent Variable Justice (al- Adl) Trust (al- Amanah) Job Performance Honesty (al Sidq) Dependent Variable Independent Variable Figure 2.2: Conceptual Framework 2.5 SUMMARY This chapter appraises the relationship between Islamic Leadership principles towards Job Performance and the conceptual framework that presents the organizing concept of this study. Chapter 3 will discuss about the methodologies used by the researchers in order to collect and analyze the data of the study.

The Lightweight Cars Competitors And Their Structures Engineering Essay

The Lightweight Cars Competitors And Their Structures Engineering Essay The Atom prototype chassis was tested to determine the value of its global torsional stiffness. This value was calculated to be 1330Nm/deg. This value was to be improved upon by the following method: The creation of a Finite Element baseline validation model using MSC Patran/Nastran software compared favourably with the physical test results with a torsional stiffness value of 1352Nm/deg for a mass of 47 Kg and an efficiency of 88g/Nm/deg. The discussed modifications had been suggested to Atom upon initial appraisal of the chassis were incorporated into this baseline model and resulted in increases in both torsional stiffness and efficiency. Further, the design improvement study performed resulted in a maximum torsional stiffness of 6448Nm/deg, an increase of 377% over the baseline model. A maximum increase in efficiency of 286% to 23g/Nm/deg for a mass of 148.3Kg accompanied this increase in torsional stiffness. Following optimisation of the model to gain minimum mass for a stiffness of 6000Nm/deg a torsional stiffness of 6030Nm/deg was realised for a mass of 127Kg, giving an increase in efficiency of 322% over the baseline model to 20.99g/Nm/deg. ACKNOLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my parents for their support and encouragement throughout my university career. I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor Mr. Mike Dickison for his continual support and enthusiasm for this thesis. Thanks to Brunthinthorpe Car Ltd for providing a very interesting design project and great support throughout. Finally, a special thanks to all my friends at Coventry who have made this such a great year. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Bruntingthorpe Sports Cars Ltd Bruntingthorpe Sports Cars Ltd has been involved in the Lightweight car industry for a number of years. They have produced work for many other companies. 1.2 Aims of Project The purpose of the design project: To perform a torsion test on the prototype chassis to determine its torsional stiffness; To create a finite element model of the chassis; To incorporate a design improvement study and note the effects on the global torsional stiffness of the chassis; To attempt an optimisation for maximum efficiency. The following limitations are given for this project: The body shape is fixed and therefore the overall external shape of the chassis must not be altered; Overview of Chassis Types Definition of a Chassis The chassis is the framework to which everything is attached in a vehicle. In a modern vehicle, it is expected to fulfil the following functions: Provide mounting points for the suspensions, the steering mechanism, the engine and gearbox, the final drive, the fuel tank and the seating for the occupants; Provide rigidity for accurate handling; Protect the occupants against external impact. While fulfilling these functions, the chassis should be light enough to reduce inertia and offer satisfactory performance. It should also be tough enough to resist fatigue loads that are produced due to the interaction between the driver, the engine and power transmission and the road. Ladder frame The history of the ladder frame chassis dates back to the times of the horse drawn carriage. It was used for the construction of body on chassis vehicles, which meant a separately constructed body was mounted on a rolling chassis. The chassis consisted of two parallel beams mounted down each side of the car where the front and rear axles were leaf sprung beam axles. The beams were mainly channel sections with lateral cross members, hence the name. The main factor influencing the design was resistance to bending but there was no consideration of torsional stiffness. A ladder frame acts as a grillage structure with the beams resisting the shear forces and bending loads. To increase the torsional stiffness of the ladder chassis cruciform bracing was added in the 1930s. The torque in the chassis is reacted by placing the cruciform members in bending, although the connections between the beams and the cruciform must be rigid. Ladder frames were used in car construction until the 1950s but in racing only until the mid 1930s . A typical ladder frame is shown below. ladder Fig. 1 [Ref. 2] Twin tube The ladder frame chassis became obsolete in the mid 1930s with the advent of all-round independent suspension, pioneered by Mercedes Benz and Auto Union. The suspension was unable to operate effectively due to the lack of torsional stiffness. The ladder frame was modified to overcome these failings by making the side rails deeper and boxing them. A closed section has approximately one thousand times the torsional stiffness of an open section. Mercedes initially chose rectangular section, later switching to oval section, which has high torsional stiffness and high bending stiffness due to increased section depth, while Auto Union used tubular section. The original Mercedes design was further improved by mounting the cross members through the side rails and welding on both sides. The efficiency of twin tube chassis is usually low due to the weight of the large tubes. They were still in use into the 1950s, the 1958 Lister-Jaguar being an example of this type . Fig. 2 [Ref. 2] Four tube As designers sought to improve the bending stiffness of a chassis, the twin tube chassis evolved into the four tube chassis. The original twin tube design was modified by adding two more longitudinal tubes that ran from the front of the car, around the cockpit opening and on to the rear of the car. The top and bottom side rails are connected by vertical or diagonal members, essentially creating a very deep side rail and thus improving the bending characteristics. The two sides are joined by a series of bulkheads, normally located at the front, footwells, dash area, seatback, and rear of the chassis. A significant increase in bending stiffness was realised but there is little increase in the torsional stiffness due to the lack of triangulation causing lozenge of the bays. lotus21formula1_1961 Fig. 3 Lotus 21 [Ref. 4] Backbone The backbone chassis has a long history in automobile design with its origins credited to Hans Ledwinka, an engineer with Czech automaker Tatra. Ferdinand Porsche worked with Ledwinka in the 1920s and arguably learned much of his craft from him. When a chassis derives its torsional stiffness from one large central tube running the length of the car, the resistance to twist depends almost entirely on the cross-sectional area of that tube. Clearly, that cross section can be much larger than the typical drive shaft tunnel. Depending on the vehicle configuration it is possible to arrange for an approximately rectangular tube of substantial dimensions. This arrangement fits in well with conventional side-by-side seating, with the large central spine forming a centre console. Such an arrangement was utilised by Colin Chapman on the Lotus Elan . backbone_elan_1962 Fig. 4 1962 Lotus Elan backbone chassis [Ref.4] Spaceframe Although the spaceframe demonstrated a logical development of the four-tube chassis, the space frame differs in several key areas and offers enormous advantages over its predecessors. A spaceframe is one in which many straight tubes are arranged so that the loads experienced all act in either tension or compression. This is a major advantage, since none of the tubes are subject to a bending load. Since space frames are inherently stiff in torsion, very little material is needed so they can be lightweight. The growing realisation of the need for increased chassis torsional stiffness in the years following World War II led to the space frame, or a variation of it, becoming universal among European road race cars following its appearance on both the Lotus Mk IV and the Mercedes 300 SL in 1952. While these cars were not strictly the first to use space frames, they were widely successful, and the attention they received popularised the idea. lotusmarkVI_1952 Fig. 5 1952 Lotus Mk.IV spaceframe Stressed skin The next logical step for chassis development was the stressed skin design. This is more difficult to construct than a spaceframe with the accurate folding, forming, drilling and riveting of sheet steel or modern composite materials. The lessons learnt in the aircraft industry do not usually apply directly in automotive practice. The loads on aircraft are widely distributed the lift that holds a plane up, for example, is spread over the entire area of its wings. On a race/sports car, the loads are much more concentrated, being focused on the suspension mounting points. Even when a method is developed to accept forces and spread them over a load bearing skin, it becomes extremely inconvenient to make any modifications and may even require a major redesign. Analysis of the stresses in stressed skin construction is more difficult. The continuous surface considerably complicates access for repair or replacement of the cars mechanical components. This may also explain why stressed skin construction was virtually unheard of in race cars before the modern mid-engine configuration. The majority of mid-engine race cars end their stressed skin construction at the back of the cockpit, with either a space frame or the engine itself forming the remainder of the structure. For all these drawbacks, stressed skin construction can potentially outperform any other form of race car construction in terms of torsional stiffness. Load Cases A chassis is subjected to three load cases: bending, torsion and dynamic loads. The bending (vertical symmetrical) load case occurs when both wheels on one axle of the vehicle encounter a symmetrical bump simultaneously. The suspension on this axle is displaced, and the compression of the springs causes an upward force on the suspension mounting points. This applies a bending moment to the chassis about a lateral axis. bending Fig. 6 Bending Load case [Ref. 2] The torsion (vertical asymmetric) load case occurs when one wheel on an axle strikes a bump. This loads the chassis in torsion as well as bending. It has been found both in theory and in practice that torsion is a more severe load case than bending. torsion2 Fig. 7 Torsion Load case [Ref. 2] The dynamic load case comprises longitudinal and lateral loads during acceleration, braking and cornering. These loads are usually ignored when analysing structural performance. A torsionally stiff chassis offers a number of advantages: According to vehicle dynamics principles for predictable and safe handling the geometry of the suspension and steering must remain as designed. For instance the camber, castor and toe angles could change with torsional twist or the steering geometry could change causing bump steer. Once again according to vehicle dynamics principles a suspension should be stiff and well damped to obtain good handling. To this end the front suspension, chassis and the rear suspension can be seen as three springs in series as shown in Fig. 8. If the chassis is not sufficiently stiff in torsion then any advantages gained by stiff suspension will be lost. Furthermore, a chassis without adequate stiffness can make the suspension and handling unpredictable, as it acts as an undamped spring. Rear Suspension Front Suspension Chassis Fig. 8 Chassis and suspension as springs Movement of the chassis can also cause squeaks and rattles, which are unacceptable in modern vehicles. Simple Structural Surfaces: The simple structural surfaces method SSS originated from the work of Pawlowski and is described in the notes by Brown and the book by Brown, Robertson and Serpento. These references should be consulted for a thorough understanding of this approach. The SSS method provides a simple way of determining load paths through a structure. Each surface is assumed only to have in-plane stiffness and no out-of-plane stiffness. Each surface is acted on by forces, e.g. the engine mounts. For equilibrium, adjacent surfaces must provide reactions. This process is continued throughout the structure and determines the load on each SSS. It can then be realised if an SSS has insufficient supports or reactions and therefore determines the continuity of load paths and the structures overall integrity. ssssss Fig. 9 [Ref. 2] Fig. 10 [Ref. 2] As can be seen in the SSS example in Fig. 9 the box structure is loaded in torsion by the moment Ms, which causes the shear forces Q1 and Q3. All the surfaces are in complementary shear, and the structure is stiff in torsion. If one shear surface is removed, none of the complementary shear forces can exist. The torsion load is then transferred to the floor of the box via the edge forces Q, so the floor panel is loaded out of plane rather than in complementary shear The Lightweight cars competitors and their structures Atom Car Atom car is a brilliant example of the lightweight sports car philosophy. You strip out all the heavy crap that sits in the big fat sports cars, put in a small, light but powerful engine, and you have something you can have tremendous fun in. The Atom, like its fellow lightweights the Caterhams and the Elises, delivers high thrills for low costs. This is a brilliant weekend car, a trackday car, that you can go very fast in very easily. And I like doing that (on the track obviously) which is why this takes my third and final garage space. Ariel Atom 500 V8 built to celebrate 10th birthday To mark the occasion, Ariel employees assembled an example of their upcoming Ariel Atom 500 V8 high performance car in a personal record of five hours, fifteen minutes. The Ariel Atom 500 V8 is a highly-anticipated ultra light-weight sports car that has been in the making for around two years. The car, although its not your conventional car perse, is more of a superbike with four wheels. Ariel has confirmed the car will use a 500 horsepower thats 373kW V8 in the car that will weigh around 500kg. With a superbike like power-to-weight, the Ariel Atom 500 V8 is sure to be the scariest car ever to hit the market. The engine will be a 32-valve Hartley 3.0 -litre V8 which was derived from merging two Suzuki Hayabusa 1300cc superbike four-cylinder engines together. The engine is said to spin to 16,500rpm, like a superbike. And with a gearbox that allows flat-shifting, like a superbike, Ariel says the car will easily achieve 0-160km/h in under six seconds and go on to a top speed of 270km/ hà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ like a superbike. In a recent Autocar report, Atom designer Simon Saunders summed up the Atom 500 V8 build in a few words, The GT-R is the daily driven car that performs excellent everywhere. The Zonda F is the supercar for the long exploration trips through Europe. The Atom is the little insane car for scaring the crap out of yourself LOTUS EVORN: http://www.blogcdn.com/green.autoblog.com/media/2008/09/evora-chassis.jpg Lotus is increasingly building on its 60 year history of creating more with less with all its recent efforts on electric and hybrid drive cars. Besides the power train work, Lotus has plenty of experience with lightweight structures. The latest evolution of that is the architecture of the new Evora sports car that debuted at the London Motor Show this summer. Lotus has now won an award for the aluminium chassis of the Evora at the Aluminium 2008 trade fair at Messe Essen in Germany. The Lotus architecture is comprised mainly of aluminium extrusions combined with some casting. The components are in part riveted together but are primarily joined by adhesive bonding. Lotus developed much of the technology while creating the Elise and has created structures with greater strength and lower weight. With the combination of aluminium structures and the expertise that Lotus also has in advanced composites, car makers can tap into a lot of technology to help reduce weight and improve fuel effi ciency. Lotus provides an automotive structure with a unique approach. They combined adhesive bonding techniques with mechanical joining, resulting in innovative and creative solutions. Lotus used their expertise in lightweight materials to complete this structure, achieving a low weight and a high structural stiffness and therefore ensuring a major impact on environmental and sustainable performance. The Lotus Evora demonstrates an accumulation of our core competencies in aluminum and composite body engineering, jointing techniques and vehicle systems integration. Lotus pioneered the technology of bonded aluminum extrusions for use in road vehicles and has successfully developed high performance cars for other car companies around the world. One great advantage of our low volume vehicle architecture technology is that it can be used by one car manufacturer looking to develop a range of niche products, or by a group of car manufacturers looking to share investment, but still retain a high de gree of end product separation. The Evoras chassis is an evolution of the Lotus vehicle architecture from the Lotus aluminum crossover concept vehicle previously showcased at the Geneva Motor show, and allows for the development of a range of vehicles up to a gross vehicle weight of 1,900 kg. This architecture has been designed to be more applicable to mid-volume applications by utilizing low capital investment manufacturing processes. The Evora structure progresses the Lotus bonded and riveted technology used in the Elise family of vehicles with unique extrusions and folded panels, whilst providing contemporary ease of ingress/egress, build modularity and improved, lower cost repairs. The Lotus Evora employs a composite roof as a stressed structural member to give an exceptional vehicle stiffness of 26,000 Nm per degree, thanks in part to the seatbelt anchorage frames secondary function as a roll over structure, and partly because the high-tech composite body panels are stressed it ems. However, despite this high stiffness, the complete chassis and modules weigh just 200 kg (prototype weight), helping to keep the weight of the whole car to just 1350 kg (prototype weight). To deliver this high performance structure, bonded and riveted high grade aluminum extrusions and simple, elegant folded sheet elements are used in the lower structure, which complements the stressed composite roof upper structure. Attached to the high strength central tub are sacrificial energy absorbing sub frames of extruded aluminum at the front and lightweight welded steel at the rear. These sub frame modules also offer advantages in terms of convenience and low cost of repair, and during manufacturing can be brought to the production line fully assembled, ready to be attached to the fully assembled tub. LUSO LM23: Luso Motors is a Portuguese car design and development house which has brought us a lightweight sports car LM 23. This design inspired from the Lotus 23b. The Luso Motors 23 is powered by a 150-horsepower 1.0-litre Honda CBR1000 engine, is mated to a six-speed sequential transmission. According to LusoMotors founder Ernesto Freitas says customers can choose a number of different engines, including a Subaru turbo boxer. This sport car features a steel tube frame chassis, double skin aluminium alloy sheets, riveted and glued with inner foam reinforcements, the outer skin is made out of fibreglass and carbon fibre components. It weighs just 881 pounds, a lightweight sports car, and 150 hp! The car will start at à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬15,000(about $23,600). Deronda G400: (http://www.sportscarzone.com/deronda-g400-a-race-bred-exotic-sports-car/) Close your eyes and build the ultimate two-seat sports car. Start with a lightweight, tube-frame chassis and then add race-bred suspension and oversized brakes. Wrap the vehicle in an aero-inspired carbon fiber body shell, but keep the generous cockpit open for wind-in-your-hair enjoyment. Lastly, wedge a huge, torque-laden, tire-shredding engine into the middle of the chassis, and tune the exhaust note so it scares the gophers out of your neighbors front lawn. Now, open your eyes and take a look at the Deronda G400. We recently had an afternoon with this exceptional hand-built brute in the mountains above Malibu. With a mid-mounted V8 sourced from a Chevrolet Corvette and the curb weight of a Smart fortwo, the Deronda seems powerful enough to move the economy. Whats the story behind the car? Who makes it, and how? Most importantly, can the Deronda be tamed? Read our full adventure after the jump. The Deronda was originally developed in the United Kingdom by Andy Round, a successful aeronautical engineer. Round wanted to purchase a lightweight high-performance road car, but was frustrated and dissatisfied with what he found after looking at offerings from Caterham, Ultima and Westfield. In a bold move, Round decided to build his own sports car using the most advanced components and materials he could get his hands on. Driving dynamics and safety were key priorities, while styling was to be influenced by Formula 1 and Le Mans Series race cars. The first prototype, manufactured by Fabrication Techniques, was called the Deronda F400. Powered by a turbocharged Audi 1.8-liter four-cylinder rated at 210 hp, Rounds new open-cockpit sports car made its debut at the 2004 Auto sport International Racing Car Show in the UK. At this point, Auto sport Development, a North American manufacturer and importer of unique street and race cars, was sufficiently impressed with the engineering and design of the Deronda that it wanted to build it. Discussions ensued, and the company licensed the rights to build and sell the car on this continent. Before production started, the team of engineers at Auto sport made a few changes in order to appeal to American drivers. The small 1.8-liter Audi engine was dropped, and a Corvette-sourced 6.0-liter V-8 took its place. To accommodate the much larger power plant, the team stretched the wheelbase by five inches (increasing overall length by eight inches). The brakes were upgraded, and the suspension was modified to accept the new running gear. The finished product was called the Deronda G400. Available directly from Sirius Motorsports, it is sold turn-key and according to the company, it is 50-state street legal (when licensed as a component car). Each Deronda begins as a pile of two-inch diameter (.095 wall) 4130 chromium molybdenum tubes. Stronger and more durable than standard 1020 steel, chrome moly is steel that has been alloyed with small amounts of chromium and molybdenum to increase its strength. The tubing is precisely cut and placed on a large jig where it is TIG-welded by hand. Safety is principal, so the frame is engineered with double side-impact protection tubing, and double rollover hoops (four in total). Crash structures are built into the front and rear for additional occupant protection. Once complete, the intricate frame weighs 650 pounds bare. A custom suspension, comprised of unequal-length control arms with horizontal mounted shocks, is bolted to the rigid platform. Massive cross-drilled Baer rotors are installed with dual-piston caliper Corvette C5 brakes up front (CNC-milled with the Deronda logo) and single-piston C5 calipers on the rear. Aluminum alloy front wheels measure 18ÃÆ'-9-inches (wearing 235/30R18 rubber), while the rears measure 18ÃÆ'-10-inches (with 285/35R18 tires). Placed mid-engine in the chassis is a new 6.0-liter LS2 engine (as used in the Corvette C6), mated to a durable Porsche G50 five-speed transaxle, with power delivered to the rear wheels. With stock headers, and environmentally-friendly catalytic converters, the engine is rated at 400 hp and 400 lb-ft of torque. A 14-gallon foam-filled ATL fuel cell keeps the power plant fed, and increases safety (a tank-fed fire-suppression system is optional). The exhaust is fitted with a muffler, but it still lets plenty of the engines anger out the back end. The skin of each Deronda is comprised of a mixture of fiberglass and carbon fiber body panels. The head rest, dashboard, rear wing, and fenders are all carbon fiber. Twin minimally-padded fiberglass seats with six-point harnesses are installed, and the windshield is DOT-legal single-piece of laminated glass with a windshield wiper. The entire build process, from tubing to a finished vehicle, takes about eight weeks. The final curb weight is a mere 1,890 pounds. Simple, yet functional, is the best way to describe the cabin. The dashboard presents only the most critical information. While the vehicle obviously lacks doors and a roof, heat arrives from air spilled around the front-mounted radiator. Small vents, not unlike ports found on light private aircraft, are able to bleed fresh air into the foot wells. Modeled with dimensions similar to the Porsche 996, the cockpit is accommodating even for someone who is 62à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³ tall or taller. The seats and pedals are both adjustable for a custom fit to accommodate nearly everyone. After a perplexing process of flipping switches and pushing buttons, the brawny V8 spins to life and settles to a smooth idle. Stock Corvette headers dump hot gasses into the cats before they are expelled out twin howitzer-looking mufflers. The sound that penetrates the air is a deep irate rumble that will send chills up your spine. With the clutch fully depressed, we slip the milled aluminum shifter into first gear and slowly release the clutch. Without drama, we pull away. Lacking power steering, the small, flat-bottomed Sparco steering wheel is very heavy at low speeds. The driveway to the main road is steep, but the needle nose of the Deronda offers surprisingly generous ground clearance. As the traffic breaks, we pull into traffic pointing the car down Californias famed Mulholland Drive towards the Santa Monica Mountains. Warned about the power under our right foot, we treat the gas pedal as if it were a made from blown glass we dont need to spin this vehicle just outside the gate. With the road clear, we goose the accelerator. It is immediately apparent that this could be the quickest car weve ever driven. The engine spools to the called-for throttle input as if the transmission is in neutral, yet the car is firmly in gear. A light touch on the gas pedal is met by the white needles on the primary gauges rapidly sprinting clockwise around their dials. Behind you, the roar of the LS2 seems to scorch the pavement like the DeLorean in Back to the Future. Gearing doesnt seem to have much effect on the acceleration, either. Whether the transmission is engaged in second or fifth gear, 400 lb.-ft. of torque propels the lightweight G400 as if it were being launched from a 12-gauge shotgun. On public roads, with the wheels wrapped in street tires, the Deronda is seriously challenged for grip (the car is equipped with an adjustable electronic traction control that can be completely defeated). The wide Toyo Proxes T1R rubber on the rears immediately spins under full throttle initiating the electronic reigns, so we simply avoid the last 40% of the accelerators travel. Even driven at only 6/10ths, the car offers more power than nearly everything else on the road. The company doesnt have cited official 0-60 mph times, but under the right conditions were sure its comfortably in the low three-second range. Deronda says the G400 runs out of gears at an ample 183 mph well above the top ends of most minimalist competitors. Redline is a tick under 6,000 rpm, but you simply dont need to go there. The car pulls all the time, regardless of the engine speed or gear. Lug it around town in fourth at 1,200 rpm and it will deliver enough torque to annihilate the random Subaru WRX that begs to race. For all of its power, the engine is surprisingly tractable and easy to control. Drive it gently, and you flow with the traffic without concern. Step on the gas and the Deronda growls before it rips your head off. Rarely do you find a car with a bite that so exactly matches its bark. Blinding acceleration aside, the overall impression is that the Deronda drives much more like a race car than a street car. Without power assisted steering or brakes, the primary controls feel much heavier that those on any high performance road vehicle. Both hands, and both feet, are constantly interacting with the wheel, clutch, brake, and accelerator. Involving would be a supreme understatement. derondafd 02 opt Deronda G400 A race bred exotic sports car! After time spent following the roads curving through the mountains, we became much more comfortable in the Deronda. Excellent front visibility allows the driver to precisely place the wheels exactly where intended. While the steering was a chore at low speeds, the effort eased as our velocity increased. The lack of assist soon becomes an asset as the steering feels quick, accurate and very direct. Our insatiable appetite for the accelerator pedal kept us off the brakes, but eventually traffic forced us to call them to duty. As our speeds were relatively low (50-70 mph in the canyons), we couldnt get a lot of heat into the pad compound. The initial application of the pedal seemed futile as the drilled rotors continued to slide between the pads. Only when our foot really got on it hard did the Corvette-sourced stoppers feel strong. This car is fitted with generous rotors and track-ready pads, but it was clear we were underutilizing them. It also needed softer street pads (while there is a cockpit-adjustable brake-bias knob, we didnt touch it). Open to the world, the cabin was surprisingly comfortable at speed. The driver and passenger sit low in the chassis, and the large, canopy-like windscreen does an excellent job deflecting the slip stream around the cockpit. It was cool outside, but we could feel some warm air spilling into the foot wells. Rearward visibility was poor, even through the tunnel-vision exterior mirrors, and all you can see is the jet-black carbon fiber wing (visibility really didnt matter, as nobody passed us). However, even though the Deronda is smaller than most of the other traffic on the road, we never had an overbearing feeling of being undersized. Quite the opposite, actually, as the incredible power delivery and nimble handling made us feel as confident in traffic as a squirrel running from a small child. We never tired of darting through the canyons in the needle-nose Deronda. In fact, we felt like a fighter pilot. Our forward view was through a large glass canopy, we were strapped down with thick shoulder harnesses, and the engines loud roar filled the void left by our wake. Like a jet, the G400 is agile, powerful, and built for speed. Without a doubt, a prepared Deronda would dominate most conventional sports cars on a race track a thought that has already crossed the minds of the team at Autosport Development. With a safe, strong, and proven chassis already developed, a closed -cockpit monocoque body for the platform wouldnt be too much of a stretch. We wouldnt be surprised to see something rolling out of the factory in the near future wearing competition attire. derondafd 13 opt Deronda G400 A race bred exotic sports car! If you have to question the styling, the choice of power plant, or whether the seats have enough padding, the Deronda G400 is not for you. With a base price of $64,000 (most customers spend about $95,000 by the time they get done customizing), it may be out of reach. If it is in your budget, take note, Sirius Motorsports is on track to han

This Changes Everything, Again: The Remediation of Print on the Web Ess

Introduction The introduction of the printing press changed society permanently. Along with this invention came the emergence of mass production of texts. Suddenly, information could be efficiently replicated, thus facilitating the dissemination process. Widespread alphabetic literacy, as Havelock states, could finally become a reality. Print media, however, are fundamentally restricted by their physical nature. Enter the Internet, arguably modern society’s greatest technological advancement, with its ability to digitally recontextualize the written word. Again, forever changing the nature of communication. This paper will focus on the web’s functional, social, and cultural remediations of print media. It can be argued that the Internet is a modernized version of the printing press. The web created an explosion in production, self-published content, and new forms of machine art. Through contrasting physical and digital print media, it will be shown that the Internet enhances aspects of the printing press in defining itself. Functional Factors At its beginnings, the internet crafted a new but familiar form of manufacturing: the mass production of digital texts. In fact, in 1440 Gutenberg first originated the idea of mass production of texts with his invention of the Printing Press. For the first time, an automated process was able to replicate script. This new technology was not without its shortcomings. First, the printing press used limited materials. Next, as Mumford notes, the advent of print led calligraphers and manuscript copyists out of work. Furthermore, as Graff finds, it created â€Å"typographical fixity†Ã¢â‚¬â€material once printed cannot be changed. Finally, mass production was dependent and limited to large markets (Mumf... ...ames, and Ornstein, Robert. â€Å"Communication and Faith in the Middle Ages.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 56-62. Print. Gladwell, Malcolm. â€Å"Small Change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted.† The New Yorker October 4th 2010. Web. 31 May. 2012. Graff, HarveyJ., â€Å"Early Modern Literacies.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 86-96. Print. Havelock, Eric A., â€Å"The Greek Legacy.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 38-43. Print. Mumford, Lewis. â€Å"The Invention of Printing.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 74-77. Print. This Changes Everything, Again: The Remediation of Print on the Web Ess Introduction The introduction of the printing press changed society permanently. Along with this invention came the emergence of mass production of texts. Suddenly, information could be efficiently replicated, thus facilitating the dissemination process. Widespread alphabetic literacy, as Havelock states, could finally become a reality. Print media, however, are fundamentally restricted by their physical nature. Enter the Internet, arguably modern society’s greatest technological advancement, with its ability to digitally recontextualize the written word. Again, forever changing the nature of communication. This paper will focus on the web’s functional, social, and cultural remediations of print media. It can be argued that the Internet is a modernized version of the printing press. The web created an explosion in production, self-published content, and new forms of machine art. Through contrasting physical and digital print media, it will be shown that the Internet enhances aspects of the printing press in defining itself. Functional Factors At its beginnings, the internet crafted a new but familiar form of manufacturing: the mass production of digital texts. In fact, in 1440 Gutenberg first originated the idea of mass production of texts with his invention of the Printing Press. For the first time, an automated process was able to replicate script. This new technology was not without its shortcomings. First, the printing press used limited materials. Next, as Mumford notes, the advent of print led calligraphers and manuscript copyists out of work. Furthermore, as Graff finds, it created â€Å"typographical fixity†Ã¢â‚¬â€material once printed cannot be changed. Finally, mass production was dependent and limited to large markets (Mumf... ...ames, and Ornstein, Robert. â€Å"Communication and Faith in the Middle Ages.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 56-62. Print. Gladwell, Malcolm. â€Å"Small Change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted.† The New Yorker October 4th 2010. Web. 31 May. 2012. Graff, HarveyJ., â€Å"Early Modern Literacies.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 86-96. Print. Havelock, Eric A., â€Å"The Greek Legacy.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 38-43. Print. Mumford, Lewis. â€Å"The Invention of Printing.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 74-77. Print.

The Second Amendment - The Right To Bear Arms Essay -- Constituton Bil

The Second Amendment Few issues incite americans more than the issue of rising crime and violence. This problem can easily be linked to the availability of guns."The debate over whether guns are a hallowed tradition and a right guaranteed by the Second Ammendment of the U.S.constitution or whether they are a fearful danger contributing to crime and violence." ("gun control") Due to the outbreak of violence in our society, some people feel that repealing the Second Ammendment would solve the problem. These people feel that repealing the Second Ammendment would solve the problem. These people feel that there are two reasons for the repeal; One is the rising of violence among teenagers, the second reason is their interpertation of the Second Ammendment which could be considered a strict one. The side opposing these views use arguments like how it would be immpossible to repeal the Second Ammendment, and a long western civilizations history with a right to bear arms. Finally one can see the conflict of views dealing with the Second Ammenment, but one would also see that repealing the ammendment wouldn't solve the problem facing our society. The contriversy of this issue that has the potential to pulverise this country is why it is such a good topic to discuss, people should be better informed and make a decision based on fact and not fiction. Many advocates of the limitations of guns can quote numerous examples of increasing violence and homicide crimes. But the area which hits the closest to home is the issue of violence among the teenagers of our society. The years have changed on how students deal with their problems "Twenty-five or thirty years ago, when teenage boys got into a fight... it usually meant a fist fight. In more and more neighborhoods... it now means a shoot out" ("Gun Control"320). Violence like that is a major problem on our streets and even in our schools. Almost everywhere now "youngsters are packing weapons, Some are involved in drugs or gangs; others carry them for self-defense... One study says at least one in every three male juveniles is armed"(Muller 2). Now more than ever before an "increasing number of children under the age of 18 arrested each year for murder has jumped 55% in the past decade,... Juvenile arrests for aggravated assault are rising dramatically" (Henkoff 2... ...dment most people are unaware that the 14th or Civil Rights Ammendment also guarantees the right of freedmen to bear arms. Do advocates against the Second Ammendment suggest that we repeal this ammendment too? Many Americans would not go for that. Furthermore it is obvious that it would be impossible to repeal the Second Ammendment there are otherways to deal with rising crime and violence. Obviously military type weapons should not be available to the public, they are designed with one thing in mind, to kill people. There should also be limits on semi- automatic handguns because they are not even suitable for sport and it only takes one shot to warn off someone attaking you not 14 as many weapons can hold. Even though steps must be taken to curb gun violence people must get more involved with the system to insure that limits do not go too far. It is after all the people who control politics, not politicians. In conclusion the Constitution holds the basic rights for which we exercise each day. Our basic rights are guarenteed by the Constitution, and if they abolish the Second Ammendment we would not enjoy the result, no crime but at the cost of a police state. This is not America.

Inequality: Education and High Income

There are gaps between the rich and poor. The world has income inequality, inequality of opportunity such as education, and environmental inequality. In Toni Cade Bambara’s short story, â€Å"The Lesson† she talks about social status and economic inequality. Most people do not have the same equal opportunities to be successful because of numerous social issues. The main social issue that Bambara wrote about in her short story is economic inequality is a big social issue in society. But this social issue inspires people to make a change and not keep repeating the cycle. Why does economic inequality exist? What causes inequality of opportunity? This paper seeks to define these questions and how it is important in society and its impact. To fix the main cause of inequality it must be taken care of early on in a child’s education. People that do not have a high income should be more supportive of programs that effectively involve, low-income students in school, and programs such as Head Start. These different types of programs in a child’s life can provide students with an early start in school and decrease privileged students. Tackling and fixing these problems from an early start is a primary solution that can create a small effect of great outcomes to solve the problem of educational disparities at the root of the cause. People can solve these types of problems in society as a community. People must change their mindset and actually support and work together for a better educational system. It is hopeless to try to create a change without first changing and questioning the way society thinks and functions. The way the educational department is established is not providing the results it should be having with students, and the way it is designed is not benefiting students equally, in fact, it is leaving many students behind. It is only by changing the way the education system functions that the people can create a better system more suited to improving the learning conditions among everyone equally. There are many reasons why inequality can be caused in society. It is caused by a person’s skin color, or the simple fact a person’s growth in overall income. Inequality is caused by just being born into. For example, if a person is born into a family that has wealth and assets they basically got a head start, verses someone that is born into a low income home. Families with wealth can pay for better education for their children which will open opportunities for them. On the other hand, people hat are born into a disadvantage home that cannot afford better education will most likely stay with a disadvantage. Education makes a difference whether a person has a high paying or low paying job. In Bambara’s short story â€Å"The Lesson† Sugar says â€Å"this is not much a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to purse happiness means an equal crack at the dough† (Bambara, 362). Sugar expresses that people with high income buys toys that cost more than th eir home income. The people that can afford toys that cost $300-$1,000 obviously have a good job which came from a good education. But if schools in low income communities do not educate like schools in high income communities, the low income schools do not have the same opportunities as the high income schools. Sounds like environmental inequality. People get what their environment hands them, which is bad education, low paying jobs and small income. Equal opportunity is a law that all people should be treated the same. It is not an equal opportunity if a person cannot go to a better school to get a better education to make a better income because they do not have enough money for that better school. Inequality of outcomes often goes hand in hand with inequality of opportunities, as poor people endure various forms of social exclusion, including unequal access to education and health care, high rates of youth unemployment of precarious work and an absence of social recognition. † (F Bourguignon) They say important jobs go to people most qualified, which is reasonable but if a person with a high income cou ld afford a better education that a person that could not afford a better education the job would automatically go to the person with the higher income. Does not seem fair, and it is probably hard to break that cycle. Economic inequality is a big social issue in society. Economic inequality is known as the gap between rich and poor, income inequality, and wealth differences. There are many reasons why inequality is caused such as, educational issues, skin color, or even wealth. Nevertheless, inequality does make people want to change. In Toni Cade Bambara’s short story, â€Å"The Lesson†, she expresses about a social problem in the world called economic inequality.